Linking Your Ideas in English With Discourse Markers

Some words and phrases help to develop ideas and relate them to one another. These kinds of words and phrases are often called discourse markers. Note that most of these discourse markers are formal and used when speaking in a formal context or when presenting complicated information in writing. with regard to /regarding / as regards / as far as is concerned / as for These expressions focus attention on what follows in the sentence. This is done by announcing the subject in advance. These expressions are often used to indicate a change of subject during conversations.   His grades in science subjects are excellent. As regards humanities †¦With regard to the latest market figures we can see that ...Regarding our efforts to improve the local economy, we have made ...As far as I am concerned, we should continue to develop our resources.As for Johns thoughts, lets take a look at this report he sent me. on the other hand /while / whereas These expressions give expression to two ideas which contrast but do not contradict each other. While and whereas can be used as subordinating conjunctions to introduce contrasting information. On the other hand should be used as an introductory phrase of a new sentence connecting information. Football is popular in England, while in Australia they prefer cricket.Weve been steadily improving our customer service center. On the other hand, our shipping department needs to be redesigned.Jack thinks were ready to begin whereas Tom things we still need to wait. however /nonetheless / nevertheless All these words are used to begin a new sentence which  contrasts two  ideas. These words are often used to show the something is true despite not being a good idea.   Smoking is proved to be dangerous to the health. Nonetheless, 40% of the population smokes.Our teacher promised to take us on a field trip. However, he changed his mind last week.Peter was warned not to invest all of his savings in the stock market. Nevertheless, he invested and lost everything. moreover /furthermore / in addition We use these expressions to add information to what has been said. The usage of these words is much more elegant than just making a list or using the conjunction and. His problems with his parents are extremely frustrating. Moreover, there seems to be no easy solution to them.I assured him that I would come to his presentation. Furthermore, I also invited a number of important representatives from the local chamber of commerce.Our energy bills have been increasing steadily. In addition to these costs, our telephone costs have doubled over the past six months. therefore /as a result / consequently These expressions show that the second statement follows logically from the first statement. He reduced the amount of time studying for his final exams. As a result, his marks were rather low.Weve lost over 3,000 customers over the past six months. Consequently, we have been forced to cut back our advertising budget.The government has drastically reduced its spending. Therefore, a number of programs have been canceled. Check our understanding of these discourse markers with this short quiz. Provide an appropriate discourse marker in the gap.   Weve done a great job on the grammar. ______________ listening, Im afraid we still have some work to do.__________ Americans tend to eat quickly and leave the table, Italians prefer to linger over their food.  The company will introduce three new models next spring. __________, they expect profit to rise considerably.  He was excited to go to the movies. ____________, he knew that he needed to finish studying for an important exam.She warned him repeatedly not to believe everything he said. __________, he continued believing him until he found out that he was a compulsive liar.  We need to consider every angle before we begin. _________, we should speak with a number of consultants on the matter.   Answers With regard to / Regarding / As regards / As forwhile / whereasTherefore / As a result / ConsequentlyHowever / Nonetheless / NeverthelessOn the other handIn addition / Moreover / Furthermore

Understanding the Global Warming Debate - 2393 Words

Throughout history climates have drastically changed. There have been shifts from warm climates to the Ice Ages (Cunningham Cunningham, 2009, p.204). Evidence suggests there have been at least a dozen abrupt climate changes throughout the history of the earth. There are a few suspected reasons for these past climate changes. One reason may be that asteroids hitting the earth and volcanic eruptions caused some of them. A further assumption is that 22-year solar magnetic cycles and 11-year sunspot cycles played a part in the changes. A further possibility is that a regular shifting in the angle of the moon orbiting earth, with the ensuing changing tides and atmospheric circulation, affects the global climate (Cunningham Cunningham,†¦show more content†¦Finally, they claim that ExxonMobile’s relationships with government officials have made it possible for them to block federal policies (Easton, 2009, p.155). Next, is data showing that increasing greenhouse gases caused by human activities is causing directly observed climate changes. The first resulting climate change discussed is warming global surface temperature. There has been an increase in global surface temperature of 0.74 degrees C since the late 19th century. In the last 50 years alone the temperature has increased by 0.13 degrees C per decade. North America and Eurasia have seen the largest increase in warmth (Easterling Karl, 2011, para6). Further, the hottest years recorded since instrument recording of temperatures became possible were from 1995 to 2006. Plus, new measurement analysis of the lower and mid-troposphere show comparable temperature rising rates as surface temperatures (Alley et al., 2007, p.5). Also, in this past century the arctic temperature average has doubled in comparison to the global temperature average (Alley et al., 2007, p.7). In addition, borehole temperatures, snow cover, and glacier recessio n data all seem to agree with recent warming (Easterling Karl, 2011, para11). Scientists are saying that the difference between the warming period at the end of the Ice Age and the warming happening now is that the warming at the end of the Ice Age was very gradual over a span of 5,000 years, but the warming now isShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming Forewords Global warming is the result of a large concentration of CO2 and1400 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming Forewords Global warming is the result of a large concentration of CO2 and greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. Human activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and emissions are held responsible for this situation developing. The climate change is the result, and a factor of global warming. There are several factors impacting global warming, and these include ozone layer depletion, carbon cycle, pollution, human actions, and orbit of the earth. There is a debateRead MoreWhat We Know About Climate Change By Kerry Emanuel1140 Words   |  5 PagesWhat We Know About Climate Change by Kerry Emanuel aims to address this issue of Earth’s vulnerability head-on as it suggests the plausible causes for the undeniable planetary warming observed in the last century all the while proposing pragmatic solutions to discontinue the unnatural processes credited with the abnormal warming. Brimming with absorbing and educative statistics and facts, What We Know About Climate Change first chooses to challenge the notion that the Earth is inherently unvaryingRead More Global Warming Essay example897 Words   |  4 Pagesperson reflects on the term global warming, they may perceive this term to relatively mean warmth that is taking place within our world. Warming that can possibly lead to potential threat to the environment and those amongst it. In exact terms global warming can be widely described as an increase in the temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere and surface area which contributes to the change of Earth’s climate, due to emissions of greenhouse gases. The fact that global warming has a significant role inRead MoreAnalysis Of Slavoj Zizek : Ecology, Garbage And The Environment847 Words   |  4 PagesEcology Trash and the Environment There have been many debates on how the earth does not have the compacity to support the population growth and this has affected the ecosystem. Some of the issues that have developed from over population are the amount of trash that is generated and its affect on the environment; the natural resources are being depleted; and how the natural balance of nature has been interrupted, resulting in global warming, also how technology has impacted the world around us. SocietyRead More Climate Change: The Sciences, the Media, and Politics Essay1468 Words   |  6 PagesThe roles of science, the media, and politics greatly influence public opinion and understanding of the world around us. These three spheres of information and action are invariably linked when discussing complex global issues like climate change. However, the presentation and resolution of disagreement within the three spheres is incredibly independent. The many ways that climate change, specifically the debate on the existe nce of climate change, is portrayed within these spheres can greatly affectRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects1642 Words   |  7 PagesNavleen Kaur Kara-lee MacDonald English 100 June 10, 2015 Assignment # 5: Final research paper Global Warming: Global Warming is not a conqueror to kneel before- but a challenge to rise to. A challenge we must rise to. -Joe Lieberman The term Global warming is now commonly used to refer to the recent reported increase in the mean surface temperature of the earth; this increase being attributed to increasing human activity and in particular to the increased concentration of greenhouseRead MoreClimate Change And Global Warming987 Words   |  4 Pageshighlighted as one of the greatest environmental threat to humanity in the latest report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). With the current warming of the climate considered as â€Å"unequivocal†, the report has brought back the issue of climate change and global warming to the forefront of public and political debate, asking the question: is climate change real and should we really care? The scientific evidence supporting the rapid change in the climate is substantial and compellingRead MorePaleoclimate Data1728 Words   |  7 PagesIs the atmosphere of our planet warming consistently, and at a more rapid pace than ever before, and is it being caused by human consumption? This question is the basis for the dispute on Global warming. It is this century’s largest debate. There are scientists, politicians, and civilians on both sides of the debate. Scientists have determined that the Earth has cooled off and warmed up several times over its long history. I do not believe that a reasonable person would deny that there is the potentialRead MoreGlobal Warming : A Serious Threat1028 Words   |  5 PagesHenil Patel Global Climate Change: a serious threat There is a big debate about Global warming, whether is it happing or not. Is it just a politically created or is it real? It really depends on whom you ask. Politically, it depends on if you are talking with a liberal or a conservative. Some people believes that the whole concept of the Global warming is made up. There is not such thing like that nor the water level raising. This whole concept is just made up to get to the big corporations.Read MoreThe Changing Relationship Between Nature And Society1658 Words   |  7 Pagesacross the world, in every kind of environment and region known to man, increasingly dangerous weather patterns and devastating storms are abruptly putting an end to the long-running debate over whether or not climate change is real. Not only is it real, it s here, and its effects are giving rise to a frighteningly new global phenomenon: the man-made natural disaster.† (Obama, 2006). In this speech Obama spoke honestly and truthfully about the current si tuation society is facing with nature. In this

Working Weeks Free Essays

In New Zealand by Altering Working Weeks If I could change one thing about the world of business and organizations, it would be to alter the generic 40 hour working week for New Islanders. I would define this key strategic issue in two particular contexts; the first of which being how the generic working week is structured, and the second being the average amount of normal weekly hours a full time worker must work to maintain a livelihood. It is imperative that both areas of this Issue are addressed in order to benefit employees, societies and corporations. We will write a custom essay sample on Working Weeks or any similar topic only for you Order Now This can be done by combating society Issue of growing unemployment to generate a sustainable employment future for all kiwis, while still benefiting employers by Increase efficiency and effectiveness within our economy. This particular Issue Is Important to me because I have now been unemployed for seven months and have found it extraordinarily difficult. I often worry about how my children will handle employment in the future along with the inevitability that it is to only bound to be worse for them. Increasing population vs.. Creasing amount of jobs is to blame for this rising trend towards future unemployment. Population is increasing at an exponential rate which is driving unemployment up, but is not as easily addressed as the issue of decreasing Jobs. It is widely known that globalization has been a number one driver in unemployment. Fifty percent of Jobs that were available thirty years ago no longer exist due to technological advancement or ‘machines taking over’ (Rotten, 2013). Jobs are increasingly being replaced by robots to improve efficiency, and as technology advances; so too will this issue. I worked as a checkout operator at New World Metro for five years and during this time we Introduced self-service lanes, which dramatically decreased New Worlds need for checkout staff. I was trained as a self- service supervisor and my Job was to look over eight of these machines and help if any issues arose. Technically, my job replaced that of eight checkout operators. It is not to say that people were fired during this time of transition, but when people left; many were not replaced due to lack of demand. This example from my prior work experience can be applied to majority of firms these days. It is an issue to be addressed in all industries, at both ends of the spectrum, from supermarkets to law firms. Many have predicted computers to take the place of lawyers in the next 10 – 20 year because of their capacity to hold information from millions books (Lick, 2013). However, Increasing technology Is not something that can be, nor should be stopped, as It helps economies grow and become more efficient and effective. It Is Improvements In the way we work, that may be able to address this Issue. There are various ways we can look at combating unemployment and increase efficiency and effectiveness within the New Zealand structured. New Zealand currently adapts an eight hour a day, five day week. This leaves workers with only two free days a week implying 30% free time, which Just does not feel like enough. It is depressing to think that as a human we spend 70% of every week of our entire life working. Changing too 10 hour: 4 day ratio means free time is increased to 42. 8% of every week; which is a whole lot closer to half way. Using this structure, workers can still work the same amount of hours while earning the same income but gaining an extra day of free time to spend doing the things they enjoy. This will improve each individual’s general mood, thus creating happier irking environments, which could generate more efficient and effective workplaces. It is also inevitable that work places would become more efficient under this system, as projects would get completed at a faster rate. Companies would gain two extra hours a day of an individual’s time to complete each project, thus completing Jobs at a higher frequency in the same amount of working hours. The 10 hour: 4 day week could also impact positively on unemployment, as companies gain an entire day of working hours where cover must be found a week. Fortunately this extra day does not mom at the expense of decreasing anyone else’s hours, thus an entire new Job is formed. This idea comes under the assumption that majority of companies are open seven days a week. Consequently, each organization would need to increase their Weekend staff to cater for this extra day. Additionally, this structure could also help job-share equality in the workplace; implying two days each for each worker. Therefore this 10 hour four day week would not only be beneficial for full time employees by increasing their free time, and Job share employees by creating an equal split, it would also benefit corporations by increasing productivity and efficiency, and society by decreasing unemployment. The next area to look at when addressing issues surrounding unemployment and effective workplaces, would be the average amount of normal weekly hours full time workers work. New Islanders currently adapt a 40 hour average working week, with many (particularly in trade areas) working 48 hour weeks. There seems to be a trend towards employees working larger amounts of hours as there is a higher demand for these kinds of workers. Unfortunately, this system favors corporations at the expense to employees and societies. This is an area which must be addressed in order to maintain equality teen the three. If we continue with our current system, issues surrounding this inequality will only get worse. Results could possibly lead to a future where our children would be considered (in today’s society) as slaves. The number one way to address this would be to somehow prove to organizations that decreasing employee’s average hours, would benefit their company in the long run. We can look to countries like Germany and France for particular examples of decreased hours benefiting economies. France currently adapts a 35 hour working week with longer holiday periods. They work the least in the world but have one of the highest productivity rates, working less but working better valuing quality over quantity (Businesswoman’s, 2013). Germany on the other hand, also adapt a 35 hour working week and maintain a low unemployment rate of 5. % (Rheostat, 2014) compared with New Sealant’s 5. 9% (Businesses, 2014). The British Economics Foundation makes fair point in their book time on our side’ that the optimum working resources, reducing greenhouse gas, benefiting employee’s general health and fix unemployment by creating new Jobs. I particularly agree with the issue of b enefiting employee general health. I have previously argued that increasing employees free time days will improve their mood, but will also improves their general health, whether it mental or physical. It is evident that SSH accidents increase as an individual’s amount of hours worked increases, stress and fatigue being general causes (OCHS, 2012). This is neither an efficient or effective way of working and is a particular issue in trade industries, as many opt for increased hour working weeks to keep up with demand. Companies should decreasing employee’s hours in order to decrease work place accidents in order to promote efficient and effective workplaces. A final point to note is that, decreasing the average working week will generate new jobs which is the number one issue at hand in my argument. Altering the generic 40 hour working week is key to combating unemployment and increase efficiency and effectiveness within the New Zealand economy. We can do one of two ways; how the working weeks are structured and by looking at how many hours people work. I argued that in re-structuring to four ten hour days provides far more benefits for employees, societies and companies than five eight hour days in a working week. My final argument proved that the inequalities between these three parties must be dressed now in order for future generations not to be taken advantage of and this can be addressed by decreasing working weeks. I feel that there is a high likelihood that measures to alter working weeks will be addressed in the future, as issues surrounding increasing population vs.. Unemployment due to globalization grow. However, barriers to addressing this would surround individual’s right to choose how much they want to work. As the working economy gets more competitive people will want to do more to get on top. If that means working more, than this issue has the potential to get a lot worse. References Businesswoman’s. 2013, 12 13). Is the 40-hour Workweek Too Long? How to cite Working Weeks, Papers

Bronwyn Donaghys self

Bronwyn Donaghys self-help book Unzipped is everything teenagers want to know about love, sex and each other Essay Key aspect to all expository texts is the effective use of techniques in producing a credible text in the hope to influence and position the reader to accept particular views. Bronwyn Donaghys self-help book Unzipped is everything teenagers want to know about love, sex and each other. Through this text, Donaghy attempts to influence and infiltrate todays youth in action against radical beliefs towards sex, drugs and puberty. Instead, her more conservative views are present in all aspects of the text and despite appearing to be more in touch with readers, the underlying facts show her to be influencing against many ideas, like youth sex. In particular, we see Donaghy promoting certain attitudes and values while rejecting others. Attitudes and values like abstinence, other sexual contact, long term relationships and communication within families are promoted. However we see heavy petting, drugs, youth sex and media representation as being rejected. The most easily noted technique Donaghy uses is her structure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" through use of expository chapters and also personal touches, it appeals not only to younger readers, curious about their personal development, but also to parents who may face the issues with uncomfortable questions asked. Donaghy openly rejects the view that sex and drugs are cool. She rejects this view through use of techniques such as selection of detail and personal touches, which in itself, is an aspect of selection of detail. For example in You Sexy Thangs, she states that there are boys who have put some intelligent thoughts into their personal development and have decided to wait until they are older, wiser, and more self-sufficient before having sex. p. 99, 100 This statement shows Donaghy as not just rejecting sex, but also those who choose to have sex by saying that those who perform the deed are not intelligent or thinking about their personal development. Also in You Sexy Thangs, we see Donaghy as trying to appeal to drug users on a personal level as At the age of 15, Anna Woodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦died from the effects of illegal drugs in 1995, before she ever had the chance to fall in love. p. 109 One relating personal touch story in relation to this story is Kims Story, a tale about finding true love, and realising that sex isnt a necessity of life à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" I told I wanted to break up,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦even the sex was getting comfortable and sort of ordinary Since told me what happened I have practically sworn myself to celibacy p. 27, 128. Another personal touch, Helens Story shows Donaghys negative attitude on drugs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" When I woke up the next morning I didnt have a clue where I wasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I didnt ever want to be out of control like that againp. 143, 144. However in contrast, she promotes the value of abstinence, of waiting before you have sex. From the introduction, where Donaghys use of rhetorical questions shows some kind of concern with youth sex à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" What if planes wrote it in swirling white letters across a wide blue skyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦would they look up? Would they listen? p. 6 to Amiras Story I cant remember ever making a decision to remain a virginà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I want sex to be really special, with the right person p. 92 she continually sends the message to wait. Donaghy also promotes the ideals of family and how every family should be more open in discussion with children about sex, and their bodies. She adds credibility to the text by her use of appeals to authority, statistics, and language. .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4 , .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4 .postImageUrl , .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4 , .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4:hover , .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4:visited , .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4:active { border:0!important; } .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4:active , .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4 .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Great Expectations - Charles Dickens EssayIn reference to the chapter Please Help Me: Im Desperate and I Cant Tell My Mum she relies on the use of appeals to authority made by Doctor Melissa Kang, adolescent health specialist at the Childrens Hospital in Sydney à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Some of know their bodies inside outà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦but when it comes to what they are doing with their bodies like what happens during sex, they are surprisingly ignorant p. 26. In promoting communication, Dr Kang states that adolescents who have received a good sex education are much more likely to delay their sexual involvement and that Sex education should begin at homeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦parents should continue to be their childrens main source of informationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦should is hard, guaranteed to produce guilt p. 27. At the same time she rejects the idea of the media in representing teens and sex. In the chapter Love or Sex? Great Expectations Donaghy rejects the media as the reason why youth expect instant perfect love p. 65 when kids want something, they want it now, and they want it to be just as good as it looked on the television p. 66. I personally dont accept this text, the excuses made by Donaghy nor her attitude towards youth intelligence. Specifically in reference to her need to dumb things down, treating any reader like an immature child, not as a young adult seeking help. Donaghy seems to present the need to use primal language, for example, in reference to ejaculating or going to the toilet, she continues by also providing terms like coming, or poo and shit. Unzipped is a text that, despite personal differences for or against the book, it is effective in supporting Donaghys ideals with expository techniques.

Economic Analysis of an Oligopoly Market Structure free essay sample

In this article Michael Baker discusses the livelihood of small retailers in a market subjugated by the financially dominant oligopolies, Woolworths and Coles. While the small independent retailers in direct competition with Woolworths and Coles provide some competitive respite for consumers, as they encourage competitive pricing, albeit predatory pricing, it is clear that Woolworths and Coles control the supermarket industry in Australia, in the formation of a duopoly. It is evident that Woolworths and Coles engage in predatory pricing in an attempt to eliminate independent retailers from the market. This article discusses recent efforts made by the Australian government and the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission to reduce predatory pricing and, thus, encourage competition in the marketplace in an attempt to relieve the financial strain that would undoubtedly be felt by consumers if the Woolworths/Coles duopoly ruled the marketplace without the presence of independent retailers. It is clear that these strategies enforced by the government and the ACCC to aid small retailers are not working, as predatory pricing still exists. What is also evident is that several strategies enforced are in contradiction of each other, as some are enforced to protect small retailers, while others increase foreign competition in the supermarket industry, which is certain to negatively impact small retailers and encourage the formation of an oligopoly, or future monopoly market structure. An example of this is the government initiative to allow foreign entrants into the retail market five years, instead of 12 months as is currently standard, to develop land purchased in Australia. This provides an opening for international retail chains, such as Walmart, to enter the market, allowing them more time to establish multiple locations across Australia. This is destined to have a negative impact on shopping centre retailers, in particular small independent retailers, as international retail chains, such as Walmart, have freestanding locations, encouraging consumers to destination shop where they can purchase everything in the one store. In the ge of convenience, this is a very appealing concept to consumers, and is certain to detract from the business of shopping centers and, thus, small retailers. In addition, large retailers, such as Woolworths and Coles, will also be affected by the introduction of international retail chains into the Australian market, as this will detract from their market share. 1b. Justification of topic Woolworths and Coles duopolistic structure is evidenced through their dominant presence in the industry, relating to the characteristic syno nymous with an oligopoly market structure, having few firms in the industry. The fact that there are only two main firms indicates that this is a duopoly. Woolworths and Coles are present in almost every Westfield shopping centre across Australia, as well as independently, close to access to public transport. The National Association of Retail Grocers of Australia reported that Woolworths and Coles comprised a 79% share of the market (AAP, 2007). High barriers to entry, in particular financial barriers, including set up costs, distribution and advertising, are also evidence that this is an oligopoly market structure. In addition to this, mutual interdependence, whereby Woolworths and Coles are constrained in their competitive activity, and the use of heavy advertising as a means of attracting more market share in avoidance of price competition, also indicate the oligopolistic nature of this industry, as do large economies of scale. 1. Economic Analysis *For the purpose of the discussion Walmart has been used as an example throughout. Duopolies occur largely because of the existence of barriers to entry in an industry. In this instance, the major barrier to entry is financial. Large set up costs, distribution and operating costs, as well as advertising costs exist for any firm considering challenging a duopoly. In addition to this, barriers to entry exist in the form of controlling resources. Woolworths and Coles would have agreements with farmers to supply exclusively to them, in exchange for the firm purchasing all of their quality produce. Woolworths and Coles are also more likely to be able to purchase products, including fruit and vegetables, for a cheaper price than small, independent sellers, as they are purchasing in bulk. According to McKenzie (2002) No major supplier, no matter how big or powerful they are, can afford to be offside, or out of favour, with Coles or Woolworths. Economies of scale give Woolworths and Coles an advantage over smaller retailers because, as a result of their large scale production, they are able to produce at a lower average cost, allowing them to sell goods to consumers at a lower price. This competitive pricing eventually forces smaller firms out of the market, as they are unable to match the predatory pricing, due to a lack of economies of scale. Because Woolworths and Coles generally have homogenous products, they rely on a heavy use of advertising, in order to avoid competitive pricing with each other. Oligopolies tend to avoid competitive pricing at all costs, as the worst case scenario of this is a price war, which generally cannot be escaped, resulting in one survivor, who goes on to become the monopolist. It is evident that Woolworths and Coles are mutually interdependent, whereby each of the firms pricing strategies relate to, and depend on, each other. It is for this reason that it is suspected the duopolies are engaged in collusion, where the two firms arrange to coordinate their pricing strategies in order to maximize profits. (See Fig. 1) The increased opportunity for large retail chains, such as Walmart, to enter the Australian supermarket industry, due to the recently enacted proposal allowing foreign retailers up to five years to develop land purchased in Australia, is destined to have a negative impact on Woolworths and Coles, as well as on small independent retailers. The presence of Walmart in Australia would severely affect small independent retailers across many industries, taking away from their market share, and building a stronger oligopoly market structure. As Walmart is designed to be a destination shop, where you can find everything you need in the one store, it provides goods from all industries, including food, hardware, giftwares, sporting goods and pharmaceuticals. Small chemists and giftshops would feel the impact of Walmart most strongly, because of their inability to compete with Walmarts price strategy, due to their lack of economies of scale. In addition, stores such as Rebel Sport and Bunnings may also be negatively impacted by the recently enacted legislation, as consumers are forever seeking convenience, and may be more likely to shop at a mega-retail chain where they can find everything they need. This move is likely to drive many small independent retailers out of the market, creating an even stronger oligopoly market structure, and freeing up greater market share for Walmart, allowing the firm to more effectively take on Coles and Woolworths. It is quite certain that Walmart would be prepared to operate at a loss for several years in Australia (see Fig. 5), in order to gain greater market share from Woolworths, Coles, and independent retailers. Walmarts economies of scale and scope and the firm’s ability to overcome the financial barriers to entry involved in taking on Woolworths and Coles, ensures that it would have the means to do this. The result of Walmart building strength in the supermarket industry would severely compromise Woolworths and Coles duopolistic position. The eventual result of this would be an oligopoly market structure between Woolworths, Coles and Walmart. (See Fig. 2). This would likely result in Walmart reducing it prices in order to gain an initial share of the market, which would lead to Woolworths and Coles lowering their prices on related products in order to protect their market share. This would be demonstrated diagrammatically as a kinked demand curve, which illustrates the presence of a non collusive oligopoly. It also shows that as price falls, quantity increases slowly, therefore, demand is relatively inelastic. (See Fig. 3) If this occurred, the industry would be characterised by sticky pricing. The effect on the supermarket industry, as a result of the increased supply, due to Walmarts presence in the industry, and virtually identical demand is seen diagrammatically in Figure 4. While an oligopolistic environment, with a rigid price structure is likely to be the case if Walmart enters the Australian market, the slight possibility of price wars is also worth consideration. If Woolworths and Coles engage in competitive pricing with Walmart, in order to defend their current market share, this could result in price wars between the oligopoly, potentially resulting in a monopolistic market structure (see Fig. 6), with one dominant supermarket controlling the industry. 2. Conclusion The recently enforced legislation allowing foreign retailers five years, rather than 12 months, to develop land in Australia, may see a dramatic change to the duopolistic structure of the Australian supermarket industry, currently dominated by Woolworths and Coles. While the presence of an international retail giant, such as Walmart may benefit consumers in the short run, the distant and slight, yet considerable, possibility of price wars between Walmart, Coles and Woolworths could have a severe impact, resulting in the formation of a monopoly. Consumers will not be the only place in which this market structure will negatively impact, as small independent retailers will also be affected by this move, slowly being eradicated from the market, due to inability to compete, resulting in a loss of jobs. In essence, the most extreme outcome of the newly enacted legislation would be a monopoly market structure, in which the only party benefiting would be the monopolist or, similarly, the firm with the largest financial capacity to engage in price wars to the end. Alternatively, this legislation could benefit the Australian public, with a more competitively priced environment, while at the same time negatively impacting small retailers. Only time will tell if the enforcement of this legislation will have a positive or a negative outcome for the Australian economy.

Trait Theory on Consumer Behavior

How to Write an Extended Definition Essay on Environmental Science

How to Write an Extended Definition Essay on Environmental Science Environmental Science is a vast field and we helped you narrow your research down through our first guide 10 facts on environmental science for a definition essay. We are confident both guides will help you come up with interesting research pointers to help you build your research a step further. Our guide on 20 environmental essay topics for your college assignment must have surely been helpful to choose a topic, where we also showed you a sample essay on of the topics. Now that you’re all set, it’s time to show you how to write an extended definition essay on environmental science. Let’s go through it all step by step. Be Absolutely Ascertain about the Reason Behind the Definition of the Topic at Hand The reader needs to see the same level of importance when defining the topic; you won’t be able to achieve that if you aren’t clear yourself. Provide Various Contrasting Examples to Your Topic Through these comparative examples, your original topic will become clearer to the reader. With respect to the step mentioned above, you need to eliminate any assumptions about your topic that are incorrect through fair comparison. For example, an owl appears to be cute, ‘homely’ and a potential pet but contrary to popular belief, they are not home-friendly at all. Your definition can achieve more credibility if you can come up with a supposed test which makes sure that your assessment of the topic is correct. Further, refine your concept by creating subparts of your topic and then explain everything along with functions. The motive is to explain a concept; you have to explain it in your own words and therefore it being unique is the entire point of the essay. It should have a proper definition by function, it needs to have examples, it needs to have an easy-on-the-eyes structure, as well as the background of your topic and collective research. Don’t Miss Out on Relevant Details and Remain On-Point Your analysis of the topic needs to be thorough and it should go beyond the obvious. The reader is scanning your words carefully; don’t assume they know what you were thinking while writing. We urge you to give examples that further shed light on your concepts. The Examples You Use to Support Your Thesis Need to Come from Credible Sources Furthermore, you need to negate the topic by explaining in detail what it is and isn’t. If you can put in a function of your concept then that will make the essay even more credible. These functions need to elaborate how your findings can be used in the real world. By now you have the facts, the topics, a sample essay and a guide on how to write an extended definition essay on environmental science. We believe you are now ready to write your essay and wish you the best of luck.