Pavlovs Dogs Essay Example

Pavlovs Dogs Essay Example Pavlovs Dogs Essay Pavlovs Dogs Essay Learning and Conditioning Ivan Pavlov examined hounds, metronomes, salivation, and the disclosure of the molded reflex almost 100 years back. Ivan will be recognized as the man who changed brain science by his experimentations with the salivation of pooches. Pavlov learned through experimentation of the unconditioned reactions because of unconditioned improvements and of the possibility to condition reactions from past no upgrades. Pavlov played out his investigations at the Institute of Experimental Medicine in Petrograd. There, he thought about his past work. He had seen during his past work that hounds normally created measures of salivation relying upon what they were given to eat. The mutts salivated little sums for damp food, bigger sums for dry food, and differing sums for unpalatable items. He at that point had the hypothesis that the mutts had gained as a matter of fact to connect food with the presence of specific signals-the molded upgrades. He set up a lab to prepare pooches to salivate aimlessly flags, molded improvements. Pavlov prevailing with regards to preparing pooches to slobber from hearing the hints of strides, ringers, metronomes and the smell of vanilla. He related the food, unconditioned improvements, with the already unbiased boosts and afterward rehashed the blend until the mutts would salivate at the aroma or sound without the need of the unconditioned upgrade. The most significant finding of the investigation was that if a nonpartisan boost was in contact with the pooches after the unconditioned reaction occurred, the impartial improvement would remain an unbiased reaction. The effect of Pavlov’s work showed us our conduct and the effect that molding has upon people. The hypothesis of old style molding is all around acknowledged and has stayed unaltered since its origination through Pavlov’s work. Different therapists have worked with Pavlov’s molding. John B. Watson, for instance, adapted 11-month-old little Albert to fear a white rodent (and other hairy things) by utilizing similar standards Pavlov used to condition salivation in hounds. Molding additionally straightforwardly identifies with the nature versus sustain contentions. Pavlov’s work shows that nature wherein we are encircled by has a section in our activities. All in all, it is far-fetched that such a durable, rich, and very much enunciated hypothesis of the molded reflex could ever have existed if Pavlov had not settled on the choice to hazard his profession and adventure into the untested, unfamiliar, and profoundly faulty study of nineteenth-century brain research.

Ethical Enviromental Issues Free Essays

string(126) outcomes of the dam venture, is it morally option to continue with the project? Actually, I don't think it is right. â€Å"Ethics is the investigation of the decisions individuals make with respect to right and wrong† (Ruggiero, 2008). Natural morals, it is all the more an examination about good connections of individuals to, and furthermore the worth and good status of, the earth and its nonhuman substance. People have been offering our lives to nature for a significant number of years; we need to settle on numerous moral choices as for the earth ordinary. We will compose a custom paper test on Moral Enviromental Issues or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now We have been focusing on discovering ways and thoughts to make our lives simpler. After some time we have neglected to take in the unethical thought of what we may be doing to our condition itself. Before, future and even present, there have been numerous disputable issues on natural morals that should be replied. There are natural issues influencing our present reality, for example, deforestation and contamination. These issues have even started to influence us at a worldwide scale and not just have we placed ourselves in grave hazard yet we have likewise figured out how to jeopardize each different species that exist on earth. As supported by Yamamoto (2001), â€Å"In Buddhism, human life, and different types of life are viewed as being of a similar issue. Consequently, since they are constantly identified with living things, Buddhism sees natural issues as basically an issue of morals. † There are numerous ecological issues that should be dealt with at the earliest opportunity. One issue would need to be deforestation. For a considerable length of time we as people have relied upon trees as an asset to our regular day to day existence. We have constructed homes, paper, and numerous different items from this valuable asset. In the event that the woodland furnished us with minimal effort homes thus numerous great assets, for what reason is it a moral issue or issue? This is an issue since deforestation pulverizes timberlands as well as diminishes the biodiversity, which implies a decrease in the sum, just as variety of, living things which can cause destruction on entire biological systems. † â€Å"The chopping down of tropical downpour backwoods is especially hindering to natural life and other living things. â€Å" (Yama moto, 2001) We have been so worry in finding various approaches to make our lives simpler. Contamination is another issue that is influencing our condition. Contamination is killing off our natural life each and regular. We as people must assume responsibility for this issue rapidly. With so much contamination we are slaughtering plants, creatures, dirtying our water, and causing the exhausting of the Ozone layer. I once needed to do a task about the impacts of The Morris J. Berman oils spill of the shore of the Escambron sea shore in the island of Puerto Rico. From the photos that I saw, I can say that I had never observed a progressively frightful sight. This excellent blue sea shore whose waters had transformed into a dim dark and loaded up with dead fish shrouded in oil. The harm was vey overpowering particularly. I will always remember the dreadful pictures of such a significant number of creatures choking with the toxic oil. Fortunately this issue has been managed by the administration for a long time and they have discovered numerous answers for guarantee that these debacles don't rehash themselves. This is an extraordinary case of how government includes itself in Environmental Ethics. It was apparent to each one the harm and the ghastliness that was dispensed on nature by this human setback. The legislature had consistently organized the rebuilding of the sea that was harmed by the freight boat when it smashed and obliterated the homes to countless maritime untamed life. A year ago the administration of Puerto Rico was remunerated with $10 million for harms brought about by the oil slick right around 14 years back. These assets will be utilized to fabricate a fake coral reef and a shore line nature hold (Michael Melia, FoxNews. com, 2007). Our downpour timberlands and the clans that live in there are being influenced by this contamination and deforestation too. â€Å"The Kayapo are an indigenous gathering of Indians living in the rainforest of Brazil. The predominant environments are tropical rainforest and meadow in which the Kayapo chase, fish, and practice Sweden farming (cut and consume). (Goodale, 2004) Their lifestyle is being undermined by contamination, land gets, and dams. There are numerous natural morals in question. The primary issue was the contamination from horticultural overflows from sections of land of soybean and dairy cattle simply beyond the Kayapo Indians. The contamination from the headwaters of the Xingu downriver streamed down to the Kayapo Indians, debasing water supplies and food assets. The subsequent issue was land intrusion. â€Å"Parts of the east bank of the Middle Xingu called Kapotnhinore are as a rule wrongfully attacked and sold. This is making an antagonistic, perilous condition and furthermore blocking waterway travel. (Goodale, 2004) The last issue influences the Kayapo Indian as well as influences the rainforest that they live in. As indicated by Goodale (2004), the Brazilian government has resuscitated designs for a few hydroelectric dams along the Xingu River. â€Å"The proposed venture would dislodge Kayapo from their homes, on the grounds that lost food for those living downstream, upset fish populaces, and harm earthly ecosystems† (Goodale, 2004). In a circumstance like this, there are numerous perspectives from the two sides. A few people accept this is simply unacceptable to upset a tribe’s common lifestyle. On the off chance that you take the waterway that they exclusively depend this will hurt their method of living. A few people believe that proposed arrangement ought to go ahead. Some accept that the dams will manage the progression of water which will help forestall flooding and dry seasons and that the production of the hydroelectric dams will make a perfect wellspring of power for millions. With a consistently developing populace, it doesn't bode well to have 28. 4 million sections of land put in a safe spot for just 5,000 individuals. When considering natural morals, there are numerous outcomes that people need to consider. Some are acceptable and some are terrible. Gauging the outcomes of the dam venture, is it morally option to continue with the undertaking? By and by, I don't think it is correct. You read Moral Enviromental Issues in classification Exposition models Although the dam can create power for some individuals, numerous others are being dislodged from their homes with no pay. I imagine that there are numerous different choices in making power without uprooting the Kayapo Indians. This isn't my choice to make. In the event that these issues are not managed in time, they could prompt serious results, for example, the elimination of numerous types of both greenery, and the frail states of various living spaces. Numerous individuals figure out how to go lighthearted through life; uninterested of the unsafe changes that are incurring upon our condition. It is basic that we go to the understanding that regardless of whether people are the predominant species on the planet; the earth doesn't exclusively have a place with us however to other living things. Despite the fact that a large number of our moral perspectives on Environmental issues are Anthropocentric as referenced by Andrew Brennan and Yeuk-Sze Lo (Environmental Ethics, January 3, 2008), we as the essential species have an obligation towards nature as well as have an ethical responsibility towards each different species that share our reality with us. We are the main species equipped for thinking and reflection on moral issues, along these lines giving all ethical discussion a positive â€Å"human-centeredness. † Personally I accept that maybe it is only up to us people to manage these issues right away. The endurance of every single other specie is basic; particularly when in all actuality we are the reasons for a considerable lot of the planet’s harms. A considerable lot of the social and moral commitments we have towards the planet comprise basically of broadening our ethical remaining past human centeredness. People must settle that we are only a small amount of living creatures in this tremendous world and we should think about our planet and the regard the other living animals that live on it moreover. Numerous individuals do truly feel that it is our ethical obligation to protect each part of excellence in nature by rewarding untamed life of all species with a â€Å"Big sibling complex. † I additionally accept that there are numerous human factors that are helping people to turn out to be progressively mindful of our obligations towards helping the earth. We live in a period of incredible social unrest and conflict between countries. Many perceive an approaching fate to our species circumscribing a not all that far off future. It is just consistent that numerous people are attempting to get back in contact with nature, as though searching for a feeling of guiltlessness that one looses as a kid. This is an honesty that was lost when man got imprudent with its capability to make and better his lifestyle. This mentality is getting blended and interwoven with the current developing cognizance that our reality is changing and it may be past the point where it is possible to take it back to the manner in which it was. It is significant that people start to make a move by drawing in moral conventions that worry our condition. In my ongoing exploration, I have discovered that the presence of strong Environmental Ethics is imperative for a move in a social mentality towards mindfulness regarding the matter maintain. These principles of direct and the qualities they mean must be kept up principally by the individuals, the legislature, and the parts of science that review worldwide and land issues. Educator Alasdair Cochrane of the London School of Economics and Political Science composes, â€Å"First of every single, natural ethic should be and will be educated by changes in the political endeavors to enhance ecological issues. Natural morals concerns detailing our ethical commitments with respect to the en

Negative Effects Of Modern Day Testing | Education

Negative Effects Of Modern Day Testing | Education Utilizing government sanctioned tests to assess understudies and educators has been an extraordinary error of the instructive framework. The apparently perfect thought that high grades demonstrate successful instructing and able understudies has neglected to be exact. As per Alfie Kohn in The Case Against Standardized Testing state administered tests cannot gauge activity, inventiveness, creative mind, calculated reasoning, interest, exertion, incongruity, judgment, duty, subtlety, positive attitude, moral reflection, or a large group of other important demeanors and traits. Understudies remember more than they learn and hold and don't become familiar with the equivalent and even instructors have been discovered cheating to keep their occupations. Numerous supporters even utilize government sanctioned tests to exploit the training framework. State sanctioned tests have subverted instruction and the achievement of numerous understudies. While most of present day people groups and inst ructors have acknowledged government sanctioned tests to be the best strategy for assessing understudies mental capacity, actually they neglect to epitomize the genuine capacity of individual understudies and educators while additionally affecting them contrarily. Government sanctioned tests appropriated by the state are known as high stakes tests. They are called so on the grounds that schools with high results can get acclaim and money related prizes while schools with low results are announced unacceptable and may get sanctions. Moreover, understudies with low scores might be kept down in a specific evaluation. These are a couple of the numerous stakes on the line with state sanctioned tests. It has just been as of late that schools have swapped utilization of state sanctioned tests for scholastic arrangement and for deciding understudy needs, with making a decision about understudies knowledge and keeping them away from certificates (Kohn). Impacts Against Students To most, this thought appears to be fine, however there are numerous issues with it. Gregory J. Shipper expresses that the National Association of School Psychologists thinks keeping understudies down is awful strategy with pulverizing impacts (3). Numerous urban communities have bombed understudies for underachieving in state sanctioned tests. In Baltimore, 20,000 understudies were kept down. For the understudy, being chosen as the imbecilic one could harm them mentally. Singular understudies could get left behind by the companions and companions they esteem most in their own evaluation level. Not exclusively will this impact people, yet enormous masses of understudies get kept down prompting tension about state administered tests. Understudies in same level evaluations may be at various degrees of their psychological turn of events, yet because of evaluation levels utilization old enough rather than insight level, a considerable lot of those understudies are stuck stepping through exams made for the high ground of the class and leaving them the outcomes of organic variables. . While it is a great idea to have understudies be at their own insight level with peers, it is smarter to change age level based evaluations. An expansion of disappointment and maintenance from grade level to review level could likewise prompt an expansion of dropout rates because of weight. In Boston, the dropout rate was expanded by 300 percent which was legitimately credited to state sanctioned tests (Merchant 3). It has likewise been inspected that tests made for instructive objects were one-sided on minority appreciation (Myers 334). As it were minorities by and large do more awful on these tests than a considerable lot of the predominant white dominant part. This additionally prompts huge numbers of those minorities, to feel inadmissible and in general more moronic. Being Hispanic in secondary school and watching a large number of my companions, kin, and family members who have dropped out, there have been numerous events in which Hispanics accept they couldn't further their training. My friends additionally had the outlook that they were to dropout or simply enter the workforce following secondary school. These stakes make understudies further dread tests as well as make them wonder, as they float through school, I this going to be on the test? Nervousness, dread, and outrage towards state administered tests are flooding understudies minds. Mentalities towards test not just show themselves in understudies through cheating and loafing yet additionally hinder accomplishment on tests by falling understudies with uneasiness. (Shipper 4). Ten million understudies in basic and optional schools performed underneath capacity on tests due to tension (Merchant 4). Shipper clarifies a potential increment because of the expanded accentuation and significance of testing (4). Tests have appeared to cause a ton of physical and mental issues for understudies. Truancy and stress all make the training framework contrarily sway understudies, particularly the youthful ones. The degree that cutting edge schools cause understudies to make progress toward greatness past the bustling work of the study hall is miserable. The most any understudy has to know is a condition and numbers to connect, however there is no real information on the real condition utilized. Presently, the only things that are in any way important is what will be on the test. What does mx + b mean when everything you do is plug in numbers as needs be. As far as I can tell with school I have never genuinely had to know and comprehend material completely to accomplish a passing mark despite the fact that I have strived to do as such. Besides I have just needed to think fundamentally in a bunch of circumstances. There has been A measurable relationship between high scores on government sanctioned tests and generally shallow reasoning (Kohn). Albeit numerous innovative scholars additionally score well on tests and many shallow masterminds once in a while score high, the bases that somebody c an excel on a test by just replicating down answers, speculating a great deal, and skirting the hard parts makes an extraordinary hole in precise estimations of understudies information (Kohn). Numerous understudies see little of the subject or strategies being utilized. While independently successful educators do help, it is still unbelievably hard to accomplish legitimate estimations in a contemporary day homeroom concentrating on state tests and different plans. Tests are presently utilized as a gauge for understudies and instructors accomplishment yet the scores don't appropriately mirror the nature of the scholarly community. Regardless, tests are a correlation of one individual comparative with the remainder of the number of inhabitants in understudies. This thusly makes it unfathomably hard to set up a test as per the information that ought to be set up at each level. One explanation behind that being that not every person at a similar age is at a similar level. Potential isn't estimated by where somebody is nevertheless where they can go. Another negative impact of this thought is that if a state with 140,000 understudies rose the standard cutoff score for a specific evaluation to be five additional percentiles, 7,000 understudies would not go to the following level or be viewed as normal (Merchant 2). Therefore, understudies likewise don't realize what they ought to realize or increase real insight. Gregory expresses that essential things that understudies should ace don't appear on tests, and because of cutoff points of time, a specific inquiries endeavoring to quantify information might be too not many to even consider having solid estimations of explicit expertise (Merchant 3). Gregory even proceeds to state that a couple of good theories or skipped answers may decide the ability level of understudies. State sanctioned tests at that point show their impediments in evaluating genuine understudy development (3). Consequences for Teachers For the eighteen years I have been in school endeavoring toward scholastic accomplishment and scoring huge numbers on state administered tests, the center has been subjective turn of events, understanding through idea. Despite the fact that this isn't awful, the manners in which schools have gone about it is horribly off-base. School, through my experience, has comprised of innumerable long periods of sitting in a room gazing toward what instructors were stating. This technique, while working for certain understudies, has neglected to genuinely challenge understudies intellectually just as not altogether educate others. One of the fundamental purposes behind these, to be perfectly honest, exhausting classes is state sanctioned tests. These capacities will eventually hurt the understudies. Do instructors attempt to show a balanced understudy or a decent test taker? Impacts of state sanctioned tests are effortlessly found in the study hall. It is likewise believed that great scores mirror the educators adequacy. Sitting tight time on planning for tests as opposed to learning other material is a genuine factor. Instructors stressed over awful tests scores invest a mind boggling measure of energy showing understudies how to step through examinations as opposed to showing learning aptitudes and information (Merchant 4). Educators start to concentrate on materials understudies need on the tests. The educational plan at that point begins to be limited. Gregory expresses that educators even quit concentrating on imaginative learning, for example, ventures, to reestablish address techniques (4). The awful piece of this is awful educators centered around tests could get made look like great instructors when in reality they are most certainly not. Schools cut out music, workmans hip, and social investigations to concentrate on perusing and math for tests and encourage them as needs be to excel on tests, which thus cuts a significant chance of learning for understudies. Indeed, even the ACT science test focusses on understudies capacity to peruse as opposed to information on science. These techniques don't simply hurt understudies by dismissing incalculable zones of study yet in addition by oppressing them as equivalent students. The hypothesis of Multiple Intelligence discloses to us that various individuals think and see in an unexpected way. Howard Gardner a notable clinician communicates insight in eight distinct bundles, one being in essence sensation which requires development not at all like that of a study hall. Another therapist, Robert Sternberg, proposed three insights. Sternberg called one of these insights scientific knowledge which communicates what might be known as knowledge designed for current school study hall (Myers 330 333). One of the perhaps most noticeably awful results of this recently discovered technique is the cheating by instructors all through the states. Since numerous states currently use tests to gauge educators as well, instructors start to cheat to keep their occupations just as show signs of improvement financing. While this thought isn't common there have be

My Philosophy of Teaching :: Philosophy of Education

Theory of Education Having moved on from a state funded educational system, I feel my encounters and sentiments are direct, yet they are something I ought to consistently attempt to consider when pondering or managing my own understudies. As each understudy has, I have had extraordinary instructors just as awful ones; a portion of those educators everybody adored or abhorred, and other got fluctuated suppositions about themselves from their understudies. The understudy instructor relationship is something that is unavoidable, as it ought to be. The explanation I am seeking after instructing as my calling is on the grounds that I comprehend that kids need somebody in their lives to have any kind of effect, and on the off chance that I could be that somebody for just my very own bunch understudies, I will have succeeded. I see instructing as being more than essentially telling a kid the best way to peruse as significant as that seems to be instructing is likewise about indicating a kid the significance of self. Without confidence, self-control and poise, there would not be numerous individuals who could make it effectively in today’s world. Furthermore, if I’m fruitful in showing youngsters how to peruse, just as something significant about themselves, I will have helped a few children get by as grown-ups. I don’t care anything about being the instructor that everybody believes is so cool and adores, nor would I like to be the one that everybody abhors. What I would like to be is an instructor that is regarded by my understudies since I have been reasonable and have allowed every one of them to pass and succeed. I need my understudies to confide in me. I need them to realize that I am not great and understand that none of them are, however I do trust that they understand that I do anticipate from them what I would anticipate from my self on the off chance that I were one of my own understudies. Information on subject is next on my rundown of significance. I realize how significant it is for my self to be proficient about the subject I am instructing; yet regardless of the amount I realize my understudies will just realize what I educate to them effectively.

Mercedes Zuniga Essays (779 words) - Literature, Fiction

Mercedes Zuniga Teacher Juarez English 1B: 9363 May 11, 2017 Verse Analysis In the sonnet, The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe, the setting is portrayed in such a way, that it leaves one with the vibe of nervousness and interest. It is made realized that the storyteller is home alone around evening time, attempting to disregard his ceaseless pity for the loss of his halt spouse, Lenore. H e accepts that she is st sick with him thus the stirring window ornaments and secretive thumping appears to strangely energize him. He much later thinks he hears his dearest's strides and scents her aroma. His sadness is influencing howdy s mind into feeling that Lenore is in certainty with him , when truly she is no more. It is reasonable to accept that the torment one experiences when such disasters happen is massive yet , who realized the hurt could be huge to cause one to become frantic . All through the sonnet, The Raven , there is proof of depression, a detestable soul and franticness . It seems to have been difficult for the speaker to deal with Lenore's demise and that has unbalance d his enthusiastic and mental state. As the sonnet goes on, the storyteller becomes overly energetic with his creative mind when he accepts he has seen a talking raven . This raven is portrayed dark and is generally seen as an image for abhorrence, demise and even the heavenly. Wh ile attempting to adapt to his misfortune , the raven just comes to pulverize the narrato r's expectations of ever being with Lenore again . What this troubling, ungraceful, withered, and inauspicious fowl of yesteryear Meant in croaking Nevermore. (71-72). The raven isn't just representing passing; it is representing a demise without paradise. On the off chance that there isn't a paradise, at that point passing essentially jus t implies the end with no existence in the wake of death. The raven causes the storyteller to feel disquiet with the steady token of what occurs in the afterlife. The raven even has a frightening looking component to him that makes him wonder on the off chance that it truly is only a winged animal or a fiend, as Poe has noted, And his eyes have all the appearing of an evil presence's that is dreaming (105). The end picture of the flying creature is very not quite the same as his starting passageway. First and foremost he just flew in as an ordinary flying creature would and at long last he is viewed as an evil spirit with consuming eyes. The storyteller is currently totally unnerved with the winged animal, as he's presently the image of unadulterated shrewdness. The raven is wherever in the sonnet, with just rehashing single word again and again. The renowned line being, Statement the Raven, Nevermore . ( 48) . As this word is being said to him persistently, it starts to devastate him, and diverts him from a tragic, on edge fellow into a crazy man encountering mind flights. He can't admit to himself that his cherished has passed on and therefore he asks the raven inquiries. Tell this spirit with distress loaded if inside the inaccessible Aidenn, It will fasten a sainted lady whom the heavenly attendants name Lenore (93-94) . Questions that he knew would be replied with nevermore', however he sought after Lenore's prosperity. For even j ust the idea that possibly passing isn't lasting. From a suggestive point of view, it is conceivable to state that the raven's v oice was up and down a dream the storyteller experience d. Going frantic from anguish is an incredible subject all through the sonnet. The misery the storyteller experiences is brought about by the depression and detachment he feels for the loss of his significant other. At the point when the fowl says nevermore' just because he believes it's jabber however sooner or later the flying creature persuades him into speculation what he is stating is valid. The stunning pr ophecy surprises the speaker and leads him to the edge of craziness. What's more, my spirit from out that shadow that untruths drifting on the floor Shall be lifted - nevermore! (107-108). The storyteller's madness can likewise be accused on th e setting in which the sonnet happens. As he is in the house, in solitude,

How Strattera and Adderall Treat ADHD

How Strattera and Adderall Treat ADHD ADHD Treatment Print The Difference Between Strattera and Adderall By Jacqueline Sinfield facebook twitter Jacqueline Sinfield is an ADHD coach, and the author of Untapped Brilliance, How to Reach Your Full Potential As An Adult With ADHD. Learn about our editorial policy Jacqueline Sinfield Medically reviewed by a board-certified physician Updated on June 25, 2019 ADHD Overview Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Living With In Children istockphoto In This Article Table of Contents Expand How They Work Treatment Choices Forms, Dosages, and Efficacy Side Effects Risk of Abuse Black Box Warning View All Strattera and Adderall are medications prescribed to help treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulty with regulating attention and controlling impulses and hyperactivity. Both drugs improve attention span and decrease hyperactivity and impulsiveness; however, they are very different medications. The most striking difference between the two is that Strattera is a non-stimulant, while Adderall is a psychostimulant medication. How They Work These drugs are from different drug classes and work in distinct ways in the body. Strattera Strattera is a brand name for a drug that contains atomoxetine. It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2002 and became the first non-stimulant medication to receive approval for ADHD.?? It was also the first medication to be approved for treating adults with ADHD. It can be prescribed for people 6  years of age and older. Strattera is a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, which means it allows the neurotransmitter norepinephrine to be available to the brain’s neurons for longer. It also raises the quantity of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the prefrontal cortex of the brain. Adderall Adderall is a brand name for the combination of drugs dextroamphetamine and amphetamine. It belongs to the amphetamine drug family. The FDA approved this medication in 1996. In addition to ADHD, Adderall is also approved to treat narcolepsy. It can be prescribed to people ages 6 and up. Adderall acts on the central nervous system by boosting the number of neurotransmitters in the brain. This increase in dopamine and norepinephrine boost your ability to focus and pay attention while decreasing hyperactivity and impulsive behavior. Treatment Choices ADHD medication is divided into two categories: first-line medications and second-line medications. Stimulant medications like Adderall are known to be the most effective treatment for ADHD, and as such are considered first-line medication. Non-stimulant medications like Strattera are second-line medications. While not as effective as stimulants, they do still help ADHD symptoms. For example, studies found that Strattera reduced hyperactive, inattentive symptoms in adults compared to a placebo. However, 40% of the participants still reported significant ADHD symptoms. Although stimulants are the most effective medication, they dont work for everyone. In addition, sometimes people experience severe side effects with stimulants or have an underlying medical condition that increases the risks of taking a stimulant,  such as a history of addiction, a psychiatric condition like bipolar disorder, or a heart condition or  sleep disorder. In these cases, a non-stimulant medication like Strattera is an option. Strattera has also been found to sometimes  help with conditions that often co-exist with ADHD like anxiety and oppositional defiant behavior, a pattern of aggression, disobedience, and a lack of respect for authority. Forms, Dosages, and Efficacy Strattera is available in an oral capsule that comes in seven doses ranging from 10 to 100 milligrams (mg). Generic versions of the drug are available in the United States, Canada, and other countries. Adderall IR (immediate-release) is available in tablets from 5 mg to 30 mg. Adderall XR (extended-release) is available in six doses, from 5 mg to 30 mg. There are generic medications available (amphetamine salt combination), but sometimes  people report these arent as effective for them as the brand versions. It can take four to eight weeks before Strattera reaches its maximum therapeutic effect.?? Once therapeutic levels have been reached, the effects of the medication last 24 hours. In contrast, the effects of Adderall IR and Adderall XR can be felt as quickly as 30 minutes to one hour. The effects of Adderall IR begin to wear off after four hours, and after 12 hours for Adderall XR. Taking a break from the medication (a drug holiday) is an option with Adderall. After discussing it with your doctor, you might not take Adderall on the weekend or over holidays. Strattera needs to be taken every day.?? Side Effects For both medications, doctors usually prescribe a low dose, to begin with, and gradually increase it until the right therapeutic dose is found for you and your symptoms. This usually means youll have fewer side effects as your body adjusts to the medication. The side effects of Strattera include dry mouth, dizziness, upset stomach, and reduced appetite, constipation, reduced libido, and sweating. Men may experience some erectile dysfunction. The side effects of Adderall include loss of appetite, diarrhea, dizziness, dry mouth, fever, headache, insomnia, nausea, nervousness, sleep issues, vomiting, weight loss, and erectile dysfunction. More serious, but rare side effects are increased heart rate, high blood pressure, hallucinations, paranoia, shortness of breath, heart attack, and stroke. Cardiac Concerns Research has found that the likelihood of cardiac problems with the use of stimulant medications like Adderall is very low in healthy people.??  For example, one study found that people on stimulant medications for ADHD did not have an increased risk for cardiac events like heart attack, stroke, or sudden cardiac death. In the past, patients had electrocardiography (EKG) screenings if a stimulant medication was going to be prescribed. With new research findings, these screenings are no longer required unless you, or someone in your family, have a history of cardiac problems. If youre taking a stimulant and notice any unusual signs, contact your doctor immediately. ?? For Women Both medications are category-C drugs, which means theyre considered unsafe to take during pregnancy or while breastfeeding. Talk to your doctor if youre pregnant or planning to become pregnant. Risk of Abuse Adderall is a schedule-II controlled substance. This means theres the potential for abuse and that extended use might cause dependence. Because Adderall’s mode of action is to increase the activity of  the dopamine, it could be misused and inhaled or injected to create a high. Surges of dopamine cause the reinforcement of pleasurable but unhealthy behaviors like taking drugs, leading people to repeat the behavior again and again. That said, its reassuring to note that studies show that people taking a prescription stimulant have a lower rate of substance abuse compared to those not taking this type of medication. This could be because when ADHD is being treated safely, people are less likely to self-medicate and use non-prescription methods to manage their condition. When stimulant medications are prescribed at appropriate doses and taken as prescribed, the risk of potential addiction is low. Always store your medication safely away from other people, and dont share your medication. As a non-stimulant medication, Strattera is not a controlled substance and doesnt carry the potential risk for abuse. It works by inhibiting norepinephrine uptake, rather than significantly affecting dopamine. Because it takes several weeks for the medication to take effect, it would be difficult to abuse. Black Box Warning The FDA places a black-box warning on some prescription drug labels to bring attention to possible serious or life-threatening risks that people need to be aware of. Strattera has a black box warning for the possible increased risk of suicidal thoughts or actions in children, teens, and young adults. Parents and caregivers are encouraged to monitor possible changes in their child’s behavior and keep in close contact with the child’s doctor. Adderall has two black box warnings. The first is to highlight the potential for abuse. The second is to warn about cardiac events.

SAT Math Section Tips Triangles

Triangles can be very different! The SAT math section is full of triangles. They’re the most basic 2D shape that you can create and they can be found everywhere, so the SAT wants to make sure that you have the basic facts down pat. So let’s look at some tricks and facts about triangles. We’ll start by looking at the triangle below (not drawn to scale). 1) The angles of a triangle Fact 1: The angles of a triangle add up to 180 °. This fact you just have to drill into your head. It shows up time and time again on the SAT. It’s a specific case of the general rule that the angles of a shape with n sides add up to 180(n-2), but even if you forget that, keep the number 180 ° in your head. With that fact, we can then deduce that angle x is 72 °: 73 ° + 35 ° = 108 ° → 180 °- 108 ° = 72 ° 2) The third side of a triangle Fact 2: The third side of a triangle is greater than the difference of the other two sides and less than the sum of the other two sides. A question that might show up on the SAT is one that asks you for a possible length of the third side. Taking the fact above, we can find the lower and upper bounds: 14 - 5 = 9 14 + 5 = 19 Thus, side a must be between 9 and 19. 3) Angles and the side across from them Fact 3: The angles of a triangle are proportional to the sides across from them. What does this mean exactly? This means that the bigger an angle is, the bigger the side across from it is, and vice versa. So just eyeballing the triangle above, it might be hard to tell if side a or b is longer. But because we can see that angle y is clearly the largest angle, we can infer that a is the longest side. Angles x and z look fairly similar, but since side b is visibly longer than side c, we can infer that angle x is the smallest. Use facts like this to help you infer information about a triangle if the SAT question does not say â€Å"Not drawn to scale.† 4) The same angles Fact 4: If two triangles have the same angles, their sides are proportional to each other. 5) If two triangles are parallel Fact 5: If the sides of two triangles are all parallel, then their angles are equal. These two facts refer to what are called similar triangles. Similar triangles have the same angles and are thus proportional to each other. Observe the triangle (not drawn to scale) and the problem below: AF = 10, BE = 8, BD = 5, and CF = 15. AF and BE are parallel. What is the area of triangle BCE? First, let’s label the diagram. Because we need to find the area of triangle BCE and we know that the height is 5, we need to figure out the base (CE). So let’s label the diagram, calling CE x, since that is what we want to solve for in order to find the area of the smaller triangle: We use double lines to mark lines AF and BE as parallel. Fact 5 can be invoked here because if two lines overlap, they must be parallel. Thus, since CE and CF overlap and AC and BC overlap, they are also parallel. Therefore, triangles ACF and BCE share the same angles and are therefore similar triangles. Whenever you see any two triangles drawn overlapping like in the diagram above, you can immediately recognize them as similar triangles. So, let’s use Fact 4 now. You can either set up the proportion as: Big side 1 Small side 1 10 8 ------------- = ---------------- → ---- = ---- Big side 2 Small side 2 15 x OR: Big side 1 Big side 1 10 15 ---------------- = ----------------- → --- = ---- Small side 1 Small side 2 8 x Remember that the parallel sides must be either horizontal (as in the first case) or vertical (as in the second case) to each other. In the first equation, the bigger triangle’s side AF (10) is horizontal from the smaller triangle’s side BE (8). In the second equation, it is vertical from the smaller one. Both equations will yield 10x = 120 and therefore x = 12. We can then multiply this base 12 by the height 5 and divide by 2 (remember: a triangle’s area is  ½ * base * height (= bh/2) to yield the area of triangle BCE as 30. Remembering Special Right Triangles Beyond the basic equilateral, isosceles, and right triangles that you should remember, there are two key right triangles to memorize. These are the 45/45/90 triangle and the 30/60/90 triangle. Let’s look at the former first: Using fact 3 from above, we know that angles x and y must be the same, since the sides across from them are equal. Since they must add up to 90 °, each one must be 45 °: 90 ° + x + y = 180 ° x = y 90 ° + 2x = 180 ° 2x = 90 ° x = 45 ° y = 45 ° Now, what is side a? We can use the Pythagorean Theorem, remembering that a is the hypotenuse: 12 + 12 = a2 2 = a2 a = √2 45/45/90 triangles show up often on the SAT and it’s important to remember that they will always be in the following ratio because they all share the same angles (remember Fact 4 above): Now let’s take a look at a 30/60/90 triangle. These triangles lie in a 1, √3, 2 ratio. It’s relatively easy to remember the sides of these triangles: the trick is to count up from 1 and square root the highest number. For the 45/45/90 triangle, you know both equal sides have to be the smallest and so they are both 1. Count up to 2 for the hypotenuse and square root that. So a 45/45/90 triangle is in a 1:1:√2 ratio. For the 30/60/90 triangle, all three sides have to be different since angles are different. So counting up from 1 and square rooting the highest number will give you 1, 2, √3. But which side is which? Because √1 is 1 and √4 is 2, we know that √3 has to be the middle number, so it has to be across from 60 ° and 2 must be the hypotenuse as it is the largest number. The ratio then is 1:√3:2. Finding Triangles in Bigger Shapes Armed with these triangle tricks, we can solve what initially seem to be daunting problems. Take a look at the following problem (again, not drawn to scale): If the area of the semicircle from A to B is 13.5Ï€, CD is one third the length of AB, AB is parallel to CD, and angle CED is 60 °, then, what is the area of triangle CDE? So it seems at first that we have very little information, but let’s work on this systematically, going through each piece of information. Let’s use the first piece of information, that the semicircle’s area is 13.5Ï€. Notice that AB is the diameter of the semicircle. What would the area of the full circle be? Just double it and you get 27Ï€. From that area, we can work backwards to get the radius: Ï€r2 = 27Ï€ Divide by Ï€: r2 = 27 Square root both sides: r = √27 Factor it: r = √27 = √9 * √3 = 3√3 Now, the radius is half the diameter, so double it to get the diameter. 6√3 is the length ofline AB. CD is one third the length of AB, so it is 6√3 divided by 3 = 2√3. AB is parallel to CD and we see that AE and CE overlap and that BE and DE overlap. Therefore, the two triangles are similar and angle CDE must also be a right angle (like angle ABE). Angle CDE is 60 °, so we therefore have a 30/60/90 triangle! Let’s redraw the diagram with the information we’ve gathered. We have the height of triangle CDE (2√3) so now we just need to find the base (DE). Remember 30/60/90 triangles are in the ratio of 1:√3:2, so: 2√3 √3 ----- = ---- DE 1 Cross out √3 in the upper terms and you get that DE = 2. For good measure what is thelength of CE? It’s twice DE, so it must be 4. Now we can apply the triangle’s area formula (bh/2) 2 * 2√3 ----------- = 2√3 2 By now, you should be a master of triangles! When you see what looks like a complicated geometry problems, use these math SAT section tips and always look for triangles (and other familiar shapes like rectangles and circles) to use each piece of information step by step in order to get the information you need to solve the problem. For more relevant reading, check out these other blog posts, written by our math tutors: Words, Drawings, Math Problems, Of Watermelons, Problem Solving, and Gut Feelings, andCovering All the Angles on the Math SAT II. Looking to work with Tyler Lau? Feel free to get in touch! Cambridge Coaching offers private in-person tutoring in New York City and Boston, and online tutoring around the world. ;

Essay on The Greater Sin in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter

The Greater Sin in The Scarlet Letter In essence, there were three main sins committed in The Scarlet Letter, the sins of Hester, the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale, and Roger Chillingworth. Roger Chillingworth committed the greatest sin because he let himself be ruled by hatred and the consuming desire for vengeance. The overpowering vengeance and hatred felt by Chillingworth caused his life to be centered on demeaning Dimmesdale and tormenting him until the end of time. Both Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale committed sins for which they were deeply remorseful, Roger Chillingworth, however, committed the greater sin because he felt no guilt. Unknowingly, Hester Prynne sailed from Europe to the Americas betrayed and tricked.†¦show more content†¦Reverend Dimmesdale was a renowned, prideful man stricken with sin and extreme guilt. From the time Hester and Dimmesdale made love, he was grievous of his sin but he also felt a great love towards her. Dimmesdales stubborn pride troubled him greatly, and although he tried many times, he could not confess his sin to his religious followers. Dimmesdale felt guilt so strongly that he scourged himself on his breast and patterned an â€Å"A† into his own flesh, yet he could not confess his sin until his grief grew so great it caused him to perish. Reverend Dimmesdales sin was greater than Hesters because he let his pride conflict with his repentance, and let his life be ruined by his anguish. Physically deformed and mysterious, Roger Chillingworth finally met his wife after being separated from her for almost two years. He showed no great anger towards her and took upon himself some of the accountability saying it was â€Å"...my folly and thy weakness,† (Hawthorne 52) which was the cause of Hesters sin. Chillingworths only feeling was one of revenge towards the man who had been Hesters lover. Chillingworth was obsessed by hate and revenge so much that when Dimmesdale died â€Å"... the life seemed to have departed...† (Hawthorne 72) from him and he died within a year of Dimmesdales death. Chillingworth never felt guilt or attempted repentance because he â€Å"... violated, in cold blood, the sanctity of a human heart.† (Hawthorne 133). He sought to destroy DimmesdalesShow MoreRelated Justice Explored in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter1043 Words   |  5 Pages Justice Explored in The Scarlet Letter nbsp; Nathaniel Hawthorne created themes in The Scarlet Letter just as significant as the obvious ideas pertaining to sin and Puritan society. Roger Chillingworth is a character through which one of these themes resonates, and a character that is often underplayed in analysis. His weakness and path of destruction of himself and others are summed up in one of Chillingworths last sentences in the novel, to Arthur Dimmesdale: Hadst thou sought the wholeRead MoreMahek Mehta Ap Preparation Guide : The Scarlet Letter1175 Words   |  5 PagesMahek Mehta AP Preparation Guide: The Scarlet Letter Introduction: The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne is the most famous of the American romanticist’s works, which often centered on the topic of America’s Puritan history. Led by John Winthrop, the Puritans formed a theology in Massachusetts in the 1630s. They were English Protestants who migrated to the New World and demanded greater religious discipline than their English counterparts. Romanticism was divided intoRead MoreJohn Proctor And The Scarlett Letter1299 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the 16th and 17th century a group of reformed protestant called Puritans had a profound effect on the establishment of Religion, this influenced early American society. Arthur Miller’s, The Crucible and Nathaniel Hawthorne’s, The Scarlett Letter texts prevail the theme of Religion and Adultery. These particular authors wrote during the Puritan times and conveyed this time period in their texts while exploring the similarities and difference of Religion and Adulter y in the Puritan CommunityRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter1896 Words   |  8 PagesIn a surface examination of the work of Nathaniel Hawthorne, it is quickly evident that no good things come from the wilderness. Therein, the wilderness is often associated with the savages and the devil. In his work The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne finds herself exiled by society for having an adulterous affair with the town reverend which brought forth the child known as Pearl. Pearl is quickly established as the child of the wilderness: wild, capricious, and thought by the town to be a demon-childRead MorePublic Humiliation2337 Words   |  10 Pageshand, as a result of Reverend Dimmesdale withholding his sin, a hard-hitting sickness secretly hits the reverend. The scarlet letter located on Hester’s chest is a constant reminder of her wrong decision. In the novel The Scarlet Letter, author Nathaniel Hawthorne expresses the effects of sin in many ways, including public hu miliation, Hester and the scarlet letter and Dimmesdale’s sickness. Maria Stromberg, who wrote the article â€Å"Hawthorne’s Black Man: Image of Social Evil† expresses the danger ofRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter2037 Words   |  9 PagesScarlet Letter Final Essay In The Scarlet Letter, author Nathaniel Hawthorne examines the moral consequences of sin, or an offense against religious or moral law, and poses the question to his readers; can individuals be redeemed for their sins? The two central characters in the novel, Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale, both commit the sin of adultery. However, each character deals with their wrongdoing in opposite ways. Initially it seems that Hester Prynne’s sin is worse than that of ReverendRead MoreAnalytical Essay on the Scarlet Letter2040 Words   |  9 PagesIn his book, The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne tells of a story where a young woman has had an adulterous relationship with a respected priest in a Puritan community. Typical of Hawthornes writings is the use of imagery and symbolism. In Chapter 12, The Ministers Vigil, there are several uses of imagery when Dimmesdale, the priest, is battling with confessing his sin, which has plagued him for seven years. Three evident technique s used to personify symbolism in this chapter are the useRead MoreNathaniel Hawthornes Literature During Early America1560 Words   |  7 PagesNathaniel Hawthornes literature exhibits the influence of many factors. Much of his literature addresses Puritan culture in early America, commonly focusing on the shortcomings and hypocrisies that became apparent during the numerous witch hunts. Many of his works are allegorical, using the Puritan setting to portray his own ideas about ancestry, history, and religion. While The Scarlet Letter and House of the Seven Gables are among Hawthornes most known works, he produced a large sum of workRead MoreThe History of American Literature3501 Words   |  15 PagesGeorgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee Country, etc (1791) by William Bartram . Travel stories often blended observations on nature and landscape with tales of personal courage and achievement. The first American newspaper, the Boston News-Letter, was founded in 1704, an d joined by the Boston Gazette in 1719. At a time when newspaper journalism was concerned primarily with reporting political events, the New-England Courant, started by James Franklin in 1721, became the first newspaper toRead MoreThe House of the Seven Gables by Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay6806 Words   |  28 PagesJaffrey. And that was the end of the Pyncheon - Maule dispute. The story presents us with several themes. Firstly, that the sins of the forefathers are passed on to the next generations, and they become branded for life. Although one cannot undo what have already been done, he can still strive to break the curse, and free himself from the spiral of sin. Secondly, man cannot live alone. Isolation can draw out life from a being. Clifford and Hepzibah who had been living n seclusion

A Paradise State Of Mind - 981 Words

A Paradise State of Mind Paradise is defined as an ideal state, and most everyone’s idea of paradise is different. Some may think of white, sandy beaches with crystal blue shorelines; while, to others paradise may just be a sense of feeling whole and safe. Everyone is always looking for ways to gain their paradise, or if they believe they already have it, then they are concerned with maintaining their paradise so that it will not be lost. In â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin, the reader sees Mrs. Mallard gaining paradise and becoming free, but in the end losing it; while, in â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge† by Ambrose Bierce, the reader sees Peyton Farquhar’s struggle to maintain his paradise but he in turn also loses it. This is true for everyday life too. Each day we struggle to maintain our paradise while facing many trials. In the first story, â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, Mrs. Mallard, gains paradise and loses all in a very shor t time. Mrs. Mallard is devastated when she hears of the news of her husband’s death and cries with â€Å"wild abandonment† into her sister’s embrace and she continues to cry until she is physically exhausted (Chopin 1). Once she is alone in her room, she begins to look out the window at the new spring life that is emerging outside. She then comes to the realization that she is â€Å"free, free, free!† (Chopin 2). Mrs. Mallard is gaining a freedom that she did not even realize that she wanted for herself. Just the day before she had shuddered at theShow MoreRelated Kubla Khan by Samuel Taylor Coleridge Essay1147 Words   |  5 Pagespoetic mind. Through the use of vivid imagery Coleridge reproduces a paradise-like vision of the landscape and kingdom created by Kubla Khan. The poem changes to the 1st person narrative and the speaker then attempts to recreate a vision he saw. Through the description of the visions of Kubla Khan’s palace and the spea ker’s visions the poem tells of the creation of an enchanting beautiful world as the result of power of human imagination. The second part of the poem reveals that although the mind hasRead MoreThe Power And Lure Of Satan1365 Words   |  6 Pageswritten in the bible, no other author has thoroughly written thoughts which have resounded in the minds of those that have read John Milton’s â€Å"Paradise Lost†. Milton’s epic tale of Paradise Lost has become biblical folklore and even Christians who have not fully read the Bible rely upon the representations and indulgences that Milton presented through his embellishments of fact. Milton’s paradise lost is considered by critics to be one of the greatest literary cannons of all time and is undoubtedlyRead MoreWhat is Heaven without Hell? in Paradise Lost by John Milton1363 Words   |  6 Pages Paradise Lost by John Milton thrives off the implicit and explicit aspects of Hell offered by the narrator and the physical and psychological descriptions offered by various characters. Their separate perspectives coincide to expose the intentions of Milton and the purpose Hell serves in this epic poem. Each character adds a new element to the physical and psychological development of this alternative world. The narrator and Satan provide the greatest insight into the dynamics of this underworldRead MoreKu bla Khan -1289 Words   |  6 Pages#8220;Kubla Khan#8221; by Samuel Taylor Coleridge is a poem about the creative powers of the poetic mind. Through the use of vivid imagery Coleridge reproduces a paradise-like vision of the landscape and kingdom created by Kubla Khan. The poem changes to the 1st person narrative and the speaker then attempts to recreate a vision he saw. Through the description of the visions of Kubla Khan#8217;s palace and the speaker#8217;s visions the poem tells of the creation of an enchanting beautifulRead MoreLiving In True Paradise Essay1119 Words   |  5 PagesI think that living in true paradise would be one of the worst things that could happen. In my paradise, I would have couches everywhere, I would have televisions everywhere, and I would have an endless amount of food everywhere. I would be able to always be content with food and never hungry. I would have the ability to workout at anytime and personal trainers everywhere. I would have a beauti ful bed that is so comfy, and if I am being honest, an endless amount of girls that are always serving meRead MoreEvil in Disguise in John Milton ´s Paradise Lost793 Words   |  4 Pageslines to uplift the demons of hell, seeming to empower them and as he sets off to derail the lives of Adam and Eve, the insight the reader has into the thoughts of the Devil almost make him appear to be the hero. The Satanic character of Milton’s Paradise Lost is shown to be primarily motivated by revenge against God, the creation of chaos, and the gain of power yet somehow he is stilled viewed as the hero to the reader and the other fallen angels in the story. As Satan and his followers were thrownRead MoreThe American Dream in The Great Gatsby and This Side of Paradise1382 Words   |  6 PagesPaul Minnesota and died of a heart attack in an apartment in Hollywood on December 21st, 1940. Throughout his career, Fitzgerald wrote many works, traveled the world, and served in the United States Army. F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote mostly short stories but became famous because of his novel This Side of Paradise and became even more famous because of The Great Gatsby which was released in 1925. The time period in which Fitzgerald lived played an extensive role in his work. Fitzgerald is one of the allRead MoreAnalysis Of John Milton s The Of Paradise Lost 1122 Words   |  5 Pages Adam and Eve’s Dilemma in Eden The tragic fall of humankind could be considered heroic according to well-known author John Milton. Book IX of Paradise lost portrays this sense of heroism through the sins of Adam and Eve, but also creates a sense of controversy through the unexpected personality swap between Satan and of God. This literary work is a major contribution to biblical and literary history; therefore a reason why this work is still read today. The poem must turn tragic, and Milton assertsRead MoreThe Garden, The Apple And The Fall-982 Words   |  4 PagesFall of Man from Paradise in Western Literature Western literature, particularly that of a religious nature, is replete with references to paradise, a transcendental reality in which man exists in his ideal state. In the western canon, the Garden of Eden is ubiquitous with this paradise or heaven. What is the Garden of Eden? In what ways has man’s fall from paradise influenced the mindset and psyche of modern man? Like many tales in the Bible, the story of man’s life in paradise and his subsequentRead MoreMilton and Classical Predecessors967 Words   |  4 Pagesform of updated storylines and personalities for the characters in his epic poems, namely those in Samson Agonistes and Paradise Lost, both based upon stories in the Bible. With that in mind, he appointed exemplars from Scripture to his tragic masterpieces as they demonstrate the outcomes of sin: Satan, Adam, and Eve in Paradise Lost, and Samson in Samson Agonistes. Brewer states that Milton praised Aeschylus’ Prometheus Bound, noting â€Å"To the work of Aeschylus Milton refers four times in passages

Linking Your Ideas in English With Discourse Markers

Some words and phrases help to develop ideas and relate them to one another. These kinds of words and phrases are often called discourse markers. Note that most of these discourse markers are formal and used when speaking in a formal context or when presenting complicated information in writing. with regard to /regarding / as regards / as far as is concerned / as for These expressions focus attention on what follows in the sentence. This is done by announcing the subject in advance. These expressions are often used to indicate a change of subject during conversations.   His grades in science subjects are excellent. As regards humanities †¦With regard to the latest market figures we can see that ...Regarding our efforts to improve the local economy, we have made ...As far as I am concerned, we should continue to develop our resources.As for Johns thoughts, lets take a look at this report he sent me. on the other hand /while / whereas These expressions give expression to two ideas which contrast but do not contradict each other. While and whereas can be used as subordinating conjunctions to introduce contrasting information. On the other hand should be used as an introductory phrase of a new sentence connecting information. Football is popular in England, while in Australia they prefer cricket.Weve been steadily improving our customer service center. On the other hand, our shipping department needs to be redesigned.Jack thinks were ready to begin whereas Tom things we still need to wait. however /nonetheless / nevertheless All these words are used to begin a new sentence which  contrasts two  ideas. These words are often used to show the something is true despite not being a good idea.   Smoking is proved to be dangerous to the health. Nonetheless, 40% of the population smokes.Our teacher promised to take us on a field trip. However, he changed his mind last week.Peter was warned not to invest all of his savings in the stock market. Nevertheless, he invested and lost everything. moreover /furthermore / in addition We use these expressions to add information to what has been said. The usage of these words is much more elegant than just making a list or using the conjunction and. His problems with his parents are extremely frustrating. Moreover, there seems to be no easy solution to them.I assured him that I would come to his presentation. Furthermore, I also invited a number of important representatives from the local chamber of commerce.Our energy bills have been increasing steadily. In addition to these costs, our telephone costs have doubled over the past six months. therefore /as a result / consequently These expressions show that the second statement follows logically from the first statement. He reduced the amount of time studying for his final exams. As a result, his marks were rather low.Weve lost over 3,000 customers over the past six months. Consequently, we have been forced to cut back our advertising budget.The government has drastically reduced its spending. Therefore, a number of programs have been canceled. Check our understanding of these discourse markers with this short quiz. Provide an appropriate discourse marker in the gap.   Weve done a great job on the grammar. ______________ listening, Im afraid we still have some work to do.__________ Americans tend to eat quickly and leave the table, Italians prefer to linger over their food.  The company will introduce three new models next spring. __________, they expect profit to rise considerably.  He was excited to go to the movies. ____________, he knew that he needed to finish studying for an important exam.She warned him repeatedly not to believe everything he said. __________, he continued believing him until he found out that he was a compulsive liar.  We need to consider every angle before we begin. _________, we should speak with a number of consultants on the matter.   Answers With regard to / Regarding / As regards / As forwhile / whereasTherefore / As a result / ConsequentlyHowever / Nonetheless / NeverthelessOn the other handIn addition / Moreover / Furthermore

Understanding the Global Warming Debate - 2393 Words

Throughout history climates have drastically changed. There have been shifts from warm climates to the Ice Ages (Cunningham Cunningham, 2009, p.204). Evidence suggests there have been at least a dozen abrupt climate changes throughout the history of the earth. There are a few suspected reasons for these past climate changes. One reason may be that asteroids hitting the earth and volcanic eruptions caused some of them. A further assumption is that 22-year solar magnetic cycles and 11-year sunspot cycles played a part in the changes. A further possibility is that a regular shifting in the angle of the moon orbiting earth, with the ensuing changing tides and atmospheric circulation, affects the global climate (Cunningham Cunningham,†¦show more content†¦Finally, they claim that ExxonMobile’s relationships with government officials have made it possible for them to block federal policies (Easton, 2009, p.155). Next, is data showing that increasing greenhouse gases caused by human activities is causing directly observed climate changes. The first resulting climate change discussed is warming global surface temperature. There has been an increase in global surface temperature of 0.74 degrees C since the late 19th century. In the last 50 years alone the temperature has increased by 0.13 degrees C per decade. North America and Eurasia have seen the largest increase in warmth (Easterling Karl, 2011, para6). Further, the hottest years recorded since instrument recording of temperatures became possible were from 1995 to 2006. Plus, new measurement analysis of the lower and mid-troposphere show comparable temperature rising rates as surface temperatures (Alley et al., 2007, p.5). Also, in this past century the arctic temperature average has doubled in comparison to the global temperature average (Alley et al., 2007, p.7). In addition, borehole temperatures, snow cover, and glacier recessio n data all seem to agree with recent warming (Easterling Karl, 2011, para11). Scientists are saying that the difference between the warming period at the end of the Ice Age and the warming happening now is that the warming at the end of the Ice Age was very gradual over a span of 5,000 years, but the warming now isShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming Forewords Global warming is the result of a large concentration of CO2 and1400 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming Forewords Global warming is the result of a large concentration of CO2 and greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. Human activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and emissions are held responsible for this situation developing. The climate change is the result, and a factor of global warming. There are several factors impacting global warming, and these include ozone layer depletion, carbon cycle, pollution, human actions, and orbit of the earth. There is a debateRead MoreWhat We Know About Climate Change By Kerry Emanuel1140 Words   |  5 PagesWhat We Know About Climate Change by Kerry Emanuel aims to address this issue of Earth’s vulnerability head-on as it suggests the plausible causes for the undeniable planetary warming observed in the last century all the while proposing pragmatic solutions to discontinue the unnatural processes credited with the abnormal warming. Brimming with absorbing and educative statistics and facts, What We Know About Climate Change first chooses to challenge the notion that the Earth is inherently unvaryingRead More Global Warming Essay example897 Words   |  4 Pagesperson reflects on the term global warming, they may perceive this term to relatively mean warmth that is taking place within our world. Warming that can possibly lead to potential threat to the environment and those amongst it. In exact terms global warming can be widely described as an increase in the temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere and surface area which contributes to the change of Earth’s climate, due to emissions of greenhouse gases. The fact that global warming has a significant role inRead MoreAnalysis Of Slavoj Zizek : Ecology, Garbage And The Environment847 Words   |  4 PagesEcology Trash and the Environment There have been many debates on how the earth does not have the compacity to support the population growth and this has affected the ecosystem. Some of the issues that have developed from over population are the amount of trash that is generated and its affect on the environment; the natural resources are being depleted; and how the natural balance of nature has been interrupted, resulting in global warming, also how technology has impacted the world around us. 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A challenge we must rise to. -Joe Lieberman The term Global warming is now commonly used to refer to the recent reported increase in the mean surface temperature of the earth; this increase being attributed to increasing human activity and in particular to the increased concentration of greenhouseRead MoreClimate Change And Global Warming987 Words   |  4 Pageshighlighted as one of the greatest environmental threat to humanity in the latest report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). With the current warming of the climate considered as â€Å"unequivocal†, the report has brought back the issue of climate change and global warming to the forefront of public and political debate, asking the question: is climate change real and should we really care? The scientific evidence supporting the rapid change in the climate is substantial and compellingRead MorePaleoclimate Data1728 Words   |  7 PagesIs the atmosphere of our planet warming consistently, and at a more rapid pace than ever before, and is it being caused by human consumption? This question is the basis for the dispute on Global warming. It is this century’s largest debate. There are scientists, politicians, and civilians on both sides of the debate. Scientists have determined that the Earth has cooled off and warmed up several times over its long history. I do not believe that a reasonable person would deny that there is the potentialRead MoreGlobal Warming : A Serious Threat1028 Words   |  5 PagesHenil Patel Global Climate Change: a serious threat There is a big debate about Global warming, whether is it happing or not. Is it just a politically created or is it real? It really depends on whom you ask. Politically, it depends on if you are talking with a liberal or a conservative. Some people believes that the whole concept of the Global warming is made up. There is not such thing like that nor the water level raising. This whole concept is just made up to get to the big corporations.Read MoreThe Changing Relationship Between Nature And Society1658 Words   |  7 Pagesacross the world, in every kind of environment and region known to man, increasingly dangerous weather patterns and devastating storms are abruptly putting an end to the long-running debate over whether or not climate change is real. Not only is it real, it s here, and its effects are giving rise to a frighteningly new global phenomenon: the man-made natural disaster.† (Obama, 2006). In this speech Obama spoke honestly and truthfully about the current si tuation society is facing with nature. In this

Working Weeks Free Essays

In New Zealand by Altering Working Weeks If I could change one thing about the world of business and organizations, it would be to alter the generic 40 hour working week for New Islanders. I would define this key strategic issue in two particular contexts; the first of which being how the generic working week is structured, and the second being the average amount of normal weekly hours a full time worker must work to maintain a livelihood. It is imperative that both areas of this Issue are addressed in order to benefit employees, societies and corporations. We will write a custom essay sample on Working Weeks or any similar topic only for you Order Now This can be done by combating society Issue of growing unemployment to generate a sustainable employment future for all kiwis, while still benefiting employers by Increase efficiency and effectiveness within our economy. This particular Issue Is Important to me because I have now been unemployed for seven months and have found it extraordinarily difficult. I often worry about how my children will handle employment in the future along with the inevitability that it is to only bound to be worse for them. Increasing population vs.. Creasing amount of jobs is to blame for this rising trend towards future unemployment. Population is increasing at an exponential rate which is driving unemployment up, but is not as easily addressed as the issue of decreasing Jobs. It is widely known that globalization has been a number one driver in unemployment. Fifty percent of Jobs that were available thirty years ago no longer exist due to technological advancement or ‘machines taking over’ (Rotten, 2013). Jobs are increasingly being replaced by robots to improve efficiency, and as technology advances; so too will this issue. I worked as a checkout operator at New World Metro for five years and during this time we Introduced self-service lanes, which dramatically decreased New Worlds need for checkout staff. I was trained as a self- service supervisor and my Job was to look over eight of these machines and help if any issues arose. Technically, my job replaced that of eight checkout operators. It is not to say that people were fired during this time of transition, but when people left; many were not replaced due to lack of demand. This example from my prior work experience can be applied to majority of firms these days. It is an issue to be addressed in all industries, at both ends of the spectrum, from supermarkets to law firms. Many have predicted computers to take the place of lawyers in the next 10 – 20 year because of their capacity to hold information from millions books (Lick, 2013). However, Increasing technology Is not something that can be, nor should be stopped, as It helps economies grow and become more efficient and effective. It Is Improvements In the way we work, that may be able to address this Issue. There are various ways we can look at combating unemployment and increase efficiency and effectiveness within the New Zealand structured. New Zealand currently adapts an eight hour a day, five day week. This leaves workers with only two free days a week implying 30% free time, which Just does not feel like enough. It is depressing to think that as a human we spend 70% of every week of our entire life working. Changing too 10 hour: 4 day ratio means free time is increased to 42. 8% of every week; which is a whole lot closer to half way. Using this structure, workers can still work the same amount of hours while earning the same income but gaining an extra day of free time to spend doing the things they enjoy. This will improve each individual’s general mood, thus creating happier irking environments, which could generate more efficient and effective workplaces. It is also inevitable that work places would become more efficient under this system, as projects would get completed at a faster rate. Companies would gain two extra hours a day of an individual’s time to complete each project, thus completing Jobs at a higher frequency in the same amount of working hours. The 10 hour: 4 day week could also impact positively on unemployment, as companies gain an entire day of working hours where cover must be found a week. Fortunately this extra day does not mom at the expense of decreasing anyone else’s hours, thus an entire new Job is formed. This idea comes under the assumption that majority of companies are open seven days a week. Consequently, each organization would need to increase their Weekend staff to cater for this extra day. Additionally, this structure could also help job-share equality in the workplace; implying two days each for each worker. Therefore this 10 hour four day week would not only be beneficial for full time employees by increasing their free time, and Job share employees by creating an equal split, it would also benefit corporations by increasing productivity and efficiency, and society by decreasing unemployment. The next area to look at when addressing issues surrounding unemployment and effective workplaces, would be the average amount of normal weekly hours full time workers work. New Islanders currently adapt a 40 hour average working week, with many (particularly in trade areas) working 48 hour weeks. There seems to be a trend towards employees working larger amounts of hours as there is a higher demand for these kinds of workers. Unfortunately, this system favors corporations at the expense to employees and societies. This is an area which must be addressed in order to maintain equality teen the three. If we continue with our current system, issues surrounding this inequality will only get worse. Results could possibly lead to a future where our children would be considered (in today’s society) as slaves. The number one way to address this would be to somehow prove to organizations that decreasing employee’s average hours, would benefit their company in the long run. We can look to countries like Germany and France for particular examples of decreased hours benefiting economies. France currently adapts a 35 hour working week with longer holiday periods. They work the least in the world but have one of the highest productivity rates, working less but working better valuing quality over quantity (Businesswoman’s, 2013). Germany on the other hand, also adapt a 35 hour working week and maintain a low unemployment rate of 5. % (Rheostat, 2014) compared with New Sealant’s 5. 9% (Businesses, 2014). The British Economics Foundation makes fair point in their book time on our side’ that the optimum working resources, reducing greenhouse gas, benefiting employee’s general health and fix unemployment by creating new Jobs. I particularly agree with the issue of b enefiting employee general health. I have previously argued that increasing employees free time days will improve their mood, but will also improves their general health, whether it mental or physical. It is evident that SSH accidents increase as an individual’s amount of hours worked increases, stress and fatigue being general causes (OCHS, 2012). This is neither an efficient or effective way of working and is a particular issue in trade industries, as many opt for increased hour working weeks to keep up with demand. Companies should decreasing employee’s hours in order to decrease work place accidents in order to promote efficient and effective workplaces. A final point to note is that, decreasing the average working week will generate new jobs which is the number one issue at hand in my argument. Altering the generic 40 hour working week is key to combating unemployment and increase efficiency and effectiveness within the New Zealand economy. We can do one of two ways; how the working weeks are structured and by looking at how many hours people work. I argued that in re-structuring to four ten hour days provides far more benefits for employees, societies and companies than five eight hour days in a working week. My final argument proved that the inequalities between these three parties must be dressed now in order for future generations not to be taken advantage of and this can be addressed by decreasing working weeks. I feel that there is a high likelihood that measures to alter working weeks will be addressed in the future, as issues surrounding increasing population vs.. Unemployment due to globalization grow. However, barriers to addressing this would surround individual’s right to choose how much they want to work. As the working economy gets more competitive people will want to do more to get on top. If that means working more, than this issue has the potential to get a lot worse. References Businesswoman’s. 2013, 12 13). Is the 40-hour Workweek Too Long? How to cite Working Weeks, Papers

Bronwyn Donaghys self

Bronwyn Donaghys self-help book Unzipped is everything teenagers want to know about love, sex and each other Essay Key aspect to all expository texts is the effective use of techniques in producing a credible text in the hope to influence and position the reader to accept particular views. Bronwyn Donaghys self-help book Unzipped is everything teenagers want to know about love, sex and each other. Through this text, Donaghy attempts to influence and infiltrate todays youth in action against radical beliefs towards sex, drugs and puberty. Instead, her more conservative views are present in all aspects of the text and despite appearing to be more in touch with readers, the underlying facts show her to be influencing against many ideas, like youth sex. In particular, we see Donaghy promoting certain attitudes and values while rejecting others. Attitudes and values like abstinence, other sexual contact, long term relationships and communication within families are promoted. However we see heavy petting, drugs, youth sex and media representation as being rejected. The most easily noted technique Donaghy uses is her structure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" through use of expository chapters and also personal touches, it appeals not only to younger readers, curious about their personal development, but also to parents who may face the issues with uncomfortable questions asked. Donaghy openly rejects the view that sex and drugs are cool. She rejects this view through use of techniques such as selection of detail and personal touches, which in itself, is an aspect of selection of detail. For example in You Sexy Thangs, she states that there are boys who have put some intelligent thoughts into their personal development and have decided to wait until they are older, wiser, and more self-sufficient before having sex. p. 99, 100 This statement shows Donaghy as not just rejecting sex, but also those who choose to have sex by saying that those who perform the deed are not intelligent or thinking about their personal development. Also in You Sexy Thangs, we see Donaghy as trying to appeal to drug users on a personal level as At the age of 15, Anna Woodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦died from the effects of illegal drugs in 1995, before she ever had the chance to fall in love. p. 109 One relating personal touch story in relation to this story is Kims Story, a tale about finding true love, and realising that sex isnt a necessity of life à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" I told I wanted to break up,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦even the sex was getting comfortable and sort of ordinary Since told me what happened I have practically sworn myself to celibacy p. 27, 128. Another personal touch, Helens Story shows Donaghys negative attitude on drugs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" When I woke up the next morning I didnt have a clue where I wasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I didnt ever want to be out of control like that againp. 143, 144. However in contrast, she promotes the value of abstinence, of waiting before you have sex. From the introduction, where Donaghys use of rhetorical questions shows some kind of concern with youth sex à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" What if planes wrote it in swirling white letters across a wide blue skyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦would they look up? Would they listen? p. 6 to Amiras Story I cant remember ever making a decision to remain a virginà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I want sex to be really special, with the right person p. 92 she continually sends the message to wait. Donaghy also promotes the ideals of family and how every family should be more open in discussion with children about sex, and their bodies. She adds credibility to the text by her use of appeals to authority, statistics, and language. .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4 , .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4 .postImageUrl , .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4 , .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4:hover , .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4:visited , .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4:active { border:0!important; } .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4:active , .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4 .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5e68c87948ccc1855f1d8f98f57b42d4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Great Expectations - Charles Dickens EssayIn reference to the chapter Please Help Me: Im Desperate and I Cant Tell My Mum she relies on the use of appeals to authority made by Doctor Melissa Kang, adolescent health specialist at the Childrens Hospital in Sydney à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Some of know their bodies inside outà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦but when it comes to what they are doing with their bodies like what happens during sex, they are surprisingly ignorant p. 26. In promoting communication, Dr Kang states that adolescents who have received a good sex education are much more likely to delay their sexual involvement and that Sex education should begin at homeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦parents should continue to be their childrens main source of informationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦should is hard, guaranteed to produce guilt p. 27. At the same time she rejects the idea of the media in representing teens and sex. In the chapter Love or Sex? Great Expectations Donaghy rejects the media as the reason why youth expect instant perfect love p. 65 when kids want something, they want it now, and they want it to be just as good as it looked on the television p. 66. I personally dont accept this text, the excuses made by Donaghy nor her attitude towards youth intelligence. Specifically in reference to her need to dumb things down, treating any reader like an immature child, not as a young adult seeking help. Donaghy seems to present the need to use primal language, for example, in reference to ejaculating or going to the toilet, she continues by also providing terms like coming, or poo and shit. Unzipped is a text that, despite personal differences for or against the book, it is effective in supporting Donaghys ideals with expository techniques.

Economic Analysis of an Oligopoly Market Structure free essay sample

In this article Michael Baker discusses the livelihood of small retailers in a market subjugated by the financially dominant oligopolies, Woolworths and Coles. While the small independent retailers in direct competition with Woolworths and Coles provide some competitive respite for consumers, as they encourage competitive pricing, albeit predatory pricing, it is clear that Woolworths and Coles control the supermarket industry in Australia, in the formation of a duopoly. It is evident that Woolworths and Coles engage in predatory pricing in an attempt to eliminate independent retailers from the market. This article discusses recent efforts made by the Australian government and the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission to reduce predatory pricing and, thus, encourage competition in the marketplace in an attempt to relieve the financial strain that would undoubtedly be felt by consumers if the Woolworths/Coles duopoly ruled the marketplace without the presence of independent retailers. It is clear that these strategies enforced by the government and the ACCC to aid small retailers are not working, as predatory pricing still exists. What is also evident is that several strategies enforced are in contradiction of each other, as some are enforced to protect small retailers, while others increase foreign competition in the supermarket industry, which is certain to negatively impact small retailers and encourage the formation of an oligopoly, or future monopoly market structure. An example of this is the government initiative to allow foreign entrants into the retail market five years, instead of 12 months as is currently standard, to develop land purchased in Australia. This provides an opening for international retail chains, such as Walmart, to enter the market, allowing them more time to establish multiple locations across Australia. This is destined to have a negative impact on shopping centre retailers, in particular small independent retailers, as international retail chains, such as Walmart, have freestanding locations, encouraging consumers to destination shop where they can purchase everything in the one store. In the ge of convenience, this is a very appealing concept to consumers, and is certain to detract from the business of shopping centers and, thus, small retailers. In addition, large retailers, such as Woolworths and Coles, will also be affected by the introduction of international retail chains into the Australian market, as this will detract from their market share. 1b. Justification of topic Woolworths and Coles duopolistic structure is evidenced through their dominant presence in the industry, relating to the characteristic syno nymous with an oligopoly market structure, having few firms in the industry. The fact that there are only two main firms indicates that this is a duopoly. Woolworths and Coles are present in almost every Westfield shopping centre across Australia, as well as independently, close to access to public transport. The National Association of Retail Grocers of Australia reported that Woolworths and Coles comprised a 79% share of the market (AAP, 2007). High barriers to entry, in particular financial barriers, including set up costs, distribution and advertising, are also evidence that this is an oligopoly market structure. In addition to this, mutual interdependence, whereby Woolworths and Coles are constrained in their competitive activity, and the use of heavy advertising as a means of attracting more market share in avoidance of price competition, also indicate the oligopolistic nature of this industry, as do large economies of scale. 1. Economic Analysis *For the purpose of the discussion Walmart has been used as an example throughout. Duopolies occur largely because of the existence of barriers to entry in an industry. In this instance, the major barrier to entry is financial. Large set up costs, distribution and operating costs, as well as advertising costs exist for any firm considering challenging a duopoly. In addition to this, barriers to entry exist in the form of controlling resources. Woolworths and Coles would have agreements with farmers to supply exclusively to them, in exchange for the firm purchasing all of their quality produce. Woolworths and Coles are also more likely to be able to purchase products, including fruit and vegetables, for a cheaper price than small, independent sellers, as they are purchasing in bulk. According to McKenzie (2002) No major supplier, no matter how big or powerful they are, can afford to be offside, or out of favour, with Coles or Woolworths. Economies of scale give Woolworths and Coles an advantage over smaller retailers because, as a result of their large scale production, they are able to produce at a lower average cost, allowing them to sell goods to consumers at a lower price. This competitive pricing eventually forces smaller firms out of the market, as they are unable to match the predatory pricing, due to a lack of economies of scale. Because Woolworths and Coles generally have homogenous products, they rely on a heavy use of advertising, in order to avoid competitive pricing with each other. Oligopolies tend to avoid competitive pricing at all costs, as the worst case scenario of this is a price war, which generally cannot be escaped, resulting in one survivor, who goes on to become the monopolist. It is evident that Woolworths and Coles are mutually interdependent, whereby each of the firms pricing strategies relate to, and depend on, each other. It is for this reason that it is suspected the duopolies are engaged in collusion, where the two firms arrange to coordinate their pricing strategies in order to maximize profits. (See Fig. 1) The increased opportunity for large retail chains, such as Walmart, to enter the Australian supermarket industry, due to the recently enacted proposal allowing foreign retailers up to five years to develop land purchased in Australia, is destined to have a negative impact on Woolworths and Coles, as well as on small independent retailers. The presence of Walmart in Australia would severely affect small independent retailers across many industries, taking away from their market share, and building a stronger oligopoly market structure. As Walmart is designed to be a destination shop, where you can find everything you need in the one store, it provides goods from all industries, including food, hardware, giftwares, sporting goods and pharmaceuticals. Small chemists and giftshops would feel the impact of Walmart most strongly, because of their inability to compete with Walmarts price strategy, due to their lack of economies of scale. In addition, stores such as Rebel Sport and Bunnings may also be negatively impacted by the recently enacted legislation, as consumers are forever seeking convenience, and may be more likely to shop at a mega-retail chain where they can find everything they need. This move is likely to drive many small independent retailers out of the market, creating an even stronger oligopoly market structure, and freeing up greater market share for Walmart, allowing the firm to more effectively take on Coles and Woolworths. It is quite certain that Walmart would be prepared to operate at a loss for several years in Australia (see Fig. 5), in order to gain greater market share from Woolworths, Coles, and independent retailers. Walmarts economies of scale and scope and the firm’s ability to overcome the financial barriers to entry involved in taking on Woolworths and Coles, ensures that it would have the means to do this. The result of Walmart building strength in the supermarket industry would severely compromise Woolworths and Coles duopolistic position. The eventual result of this would be an oligopoly market structure between Woolworths, Coles and Walmart. (See Fig. 2). This would likely result in Walmart reducing it prices in order to gain an initial share of the market, which would lead to Woolworths and Coles lowering their prices on related products in order to protect their market share. This would be demonstrated diagrammatically as a kinked demand curve, which illustrates the presence of a non collusive oligopoly. It also shows that as price falls, quantity increases slowly, therefore, demand is relatively inelastic. (See Fig. 3) If this occurred, the industry would be characterised by sticky pricing. The effect on the supermarket industry, as a result of the increased supply, due to Walmarts presence in the industry, and virtually identical demand is seen diagrammatically in Figure 4. While an oligopolistic environment, with a rigid price structure is likely to be the case if Walmart enters the Australian market, the slight possibility of price wars is also worth consideration. If Woolworths and Coles engage in competitive pricing with Walmart, in order to defend their current market share, this could result in price wars between the oligopoly, potentially resulting in a monopolistic market structure (see Fig. 6), with one dominant supermarket controlling the industry. 2. Conclusion The recently enforced legislation allowing foreign retailers five years, rather than 12 months, to develop land in Australia, may see a dramatic change to the duopolistic structure of the Australian supermarket industry, currently dominated by Woolworths and Coles. While the presence of an international retail giant, such as Walmart may benefit consumers in the short run, the distant and slight, yet considerable, possibility of price wars between Walmart, Coles and Woolworths could have a severe impact, resulting in the formation of a monopoly. Consumers will not be the only place in which this market structure will negatively impact, as small independent retailers will also be affected by this move, slowly being eradicated from the market, due to inability to compete, resulting in a loss of jobs. In essence, the most extreme outcome of the newly enacted legislation would be a monopoly market structure, in which the only party benefiting would be the monopolist or, similarly, the firm with the largest financial capacity to engage in price wars to the end. Alternatively, this legislation could benefit the Australian public, with a more competitively priced environment, while at the same time negatively impacting small retailers. Only time will tell if the enforcement of this legislation will have a positive or a negative outcome for the Australian economy.